BORRELIATESTIT

Asiantuntijana Soile Juvonen TTT

Valvojat:Jatta1001, Borrelioosiyhdistys, Waltari, Bb

soijuv
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Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ke Elo 29, 2012 11:45

Monilla borrelia-tartunnan saaneilla esiintyy ainoastaan IgM luokan vasta-aineita eikä myöhäis/kroonisessa vaiheessakaan IgG luokan vasta-aineita. Toisinaan heille sanotaan löydöksen olevan, erityisesti myöhäisvaiheen tapauksissa, merkityksetön.

Allaolevien näkemysten mukaan jatkuva IgM nousu merkitsee bakteerin selviytymistä elimistössä ja uuden immuunivasteen syntyä aika ajoin immuunijärjestelmän kohdatessa bakteerin. Toisen tutkimuksen mukaan IgM on negatiivinen varhaisessa ihomuutosvaiheessa mutta yleinen kroonisessa vaiheessa (ECM). Kohonneita IgM pitoisuuksia tavataan myös myöhäisvaiheessa ja se näyttäisi kertovan immuunipuolustuksen jatkuvasta stimulaatiosta bakteeria vastaan.


Joseph E. Craft, Duncan K. Fischer, Grant T. Shimamoto, and Allen C. Steere

J. Clin. Invest., Volume 78, October 1986, 934-939

?We report here the appearance of a new IgM response and the expansion of the IgG response late in the illness. These findings suggest that the Lyme spirochete persists for long periods in the host and triggers new immune responses during later attacks of arthritis.?
http://www.jci.org/articles/view/112683/pdf

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The Antibody Response in Lyme Disease
JOSEPH E. CRAFT, M.D., ROBERT L. GRODZICKI, M.S., MAHESH SHRESTHA, B.A., DUNCAN K. FISCHER, M.Phil., MARIANO GARCfA-BLANCO, M.Phil., AND ALLEN C. STEERE, M.D.

THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 57 (1984), 561-565
? We conclude from these data that the IgM response, although often absent in early localized Lyme disease, is generally present in patients with ECM who are more ill. The maximal response occurs after three to six weeks, and then declines. However, it may persist in later disease. Although the mechanism of the continued elevation of specific IgM is unclear, its persistence implies ongoing antigenic stimulation of the immune system, perhaps by an intact spirochete.? P.563   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article ... 0-0113.pdf   

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Useimmat aihetta käsittelevät tutkimukset ovat 1980 - luvulta jolloin asia vielä tunnustettiin.
Lisää tutkimuksia:

THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 57 (1984), 561-565
The Antibody Response in Lyme Disease
JOSEPH E. CRAFT, M.D., ROBERT L. GRODZICKI, M.S.,
MAHESH SHRESTHA, B.A., DUNCAN K. FISCHER, M.Phil.,
MARIANO GARCfA-BLANCO, M.Phil., AND ALLEN C. STEERE, M.D.
 
Antibody Response in Lyme Disease: Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests
Joseph E. Craft, Robert L. Grodzicki, Allen C. Steere
 The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 149, No. 5 (May, 1984), pp. 789-795
 
Antigens of Borrella burgdorferi Recognized during Lyme Disease
Appearance of a New Immunoglobulin M Response and Expansion of the
Immunoglobulin G Response Late in the Illness
Joseph E. Craft, Duncan K. Fischer, Grant T. Shimamoto, and Allen C. Steere
J. Clin. Invest.
Volume 78, October 1986, 934-939
 
Immunologic Aspects of Lyme Borreliosis
Raymond J. Dattwyler, David J. Volkman, Benjamin J. Luft:
Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 11, Supplement 6. Lyme Disease and Other Spirochetal Diseases (Sep. - Oct., 1989), pp. S1494-S1498
 
Treatment of Early Lyme Disease
MASSAROTTI, et.al.  April 1992 The American Journal of Medicine Volume 92 p. 396-403
 
LYME ARTHRITIS
Correlation of Serum and Cryoglobulin IgM with Activity, and Serum IgG with
Remission
ALLEN C. STEERE, JOHN A. HARDIN, SHAUN RUDDY, JON G. MUMMAW, and STEPHEN E. MALAWISTA
Arthritis and Rheumatism, Vol. 22, No. 5 (May 1979) p 471-483

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Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Su Syys 09, 2012 20:35

IgG luokan vasta-aineet vähentävät elimistön spirokeettakuormaa huomattavasti tehokkaammin kuin IgM luokan vasta-aineet. (2001)


Lyme borreliosis in rhesus macaques: effects of corticosteroids on
spirochetal load and isotype switching of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibody.

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001 Mar;8(2):225-32 (ISSN: 1071-412X)

Pachner AR; Amemiya K; Bartlett M; Schaefer H; Reddy K; Zhang WF

Department of Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 185 S. Orange St., Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
pachner@umdnj.edu.

Lyme borreliosis in rhesus macaques: effects of corticosteroids on spirochetal load and isotype switching of anti-borrelia burgdorferi antibody.

Pachner AR, Amemiya K, Bartlett M, Schaefer H, Reddy K, Zhang WF

Experimental Borrelia burgdorferi infection of rhesus monkeys is an excellent model of Lyme
disease and closely parallels the infection in humans. Little is known about the interaction of host
immunity with the spirochete in patients with chronic infection.

We hypothesized that rapid development of anti-B. burgdorferi antibody in
immunocompetent nonhuman primates (NHPs) is the major determinant of the
reduction of the spirochetal load in Lyme borreliosis. This hypothesis was tested by
measurement of the spirochetal load by PCR in association with characterization of the
anti-B. burgdorferi humoral immune response in immunocompetent NHPs versus that in
corticosteroid-treated NHPs.

Although anti-B. burgdorferi immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was effectively inhibited in
dexamethasone (Dex)-treated NHPs, anti-B. burgdorferi IgM antibody levels continued to rise
after the first month and reached levels in excess of IgM levels in immunocompetent NHPs. This
vigorous production of anti-B. burgdorferi IgM antibodies was also studied in vitro by
measurement of antibody produced by B. burgdorferi-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear
cells.

Despite these high IgM antispirochetal antibodies in Dex-treated NHPs,
spirochetal loads were much higher in these animals. These data indicate that Dex treatment results in interference with isotype switching in this model and provide evidence that anti-B. burgdorferi IgG antibody is much more effective than IgM antibody in decreasing the spirochetal load in infected animals.

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Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » La Loka 06, 2012 20:01

Potentiaalinen uusi testi aktiivisen borrelioosin toteamiseksi? (2012)

http://about.gmu.edu/new-test-shows-pot ... e-disease/

New Test Shows Potential for Detecting Active Cases of Lyme Disease

By Michele McDonald

Alessandra Luchini

Worried that tick bite means Lyme disease? Mason researchers can find the answer well before the bite victim begins to show symptoms.

“If you are bit by a tick, you can’t be sure if you will get Lyme disease―that is the biggest problem right now,” says Mason researcher Alessandra Luchini of the Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine.

Luchini and other Mason researchers are evaluating a new type of diagnostic test they developed for humans and their canine pals to pinpoint tiny signs of the bacteria that lead to Lyme disease. A study of the new type of test is underway. The test soon could be available commercially through privately held Ceres Nanosciences Inc., which partnered with Mason to develop the test and plans to market it to doctor’s offices and veterinary clinics.

The culprit is the blacklegged tick. It can carry the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which leads to Lyme disease. To make matters worse, nymphs―about the size of the period at the end of this sentence―can bite unnoticed until the standard first sign of Lyme disease, a bull’s-eye rash, appears.

Joint and muscle aches, fatigue, fever, chills, headaches, and swollen lymph nodes typically come next, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Center for Proteomics and Molecular Medicine researchers Claudius Mueller and Lance Liotta in the lab. Photo by Creative Services.

A dose of antibiotics usually kills the bacteria, but sometimes symptoms persist. Patients return to their doctor months and even years later, convinced they still have Lyme disease, says Lance Liotta, the co-director of the center. Until now, there was no way of knowing definitively if the disease was still active or not.

Current blood tests only show if the body has created antibodies to fight the infection. Antibodies remain even after the infection is beaten.

But the active Lyme disease bacterium sheds a very small piece of itself called an antigen while it’s doing damage. In the past, these nanoparticles were too small to test. But thanks to technology developed at center, researchers can now use a “nanotrap” to capture the antigen in urine.

The patented nanotrap works much like a lobster trap, Liotta says. It’s an open meshwork with bait inside. The traps look like tiny white balls under the microscope. “The protein that we want goes in and gets stuck inside,” Liotta says. “It binds to that bait in the trap.”

The researcher plucks out the antigen, which is protected while in the trap. If the antigen shed by Borrelia burgdorferi is found, then the patient has an active case of Lyme disease, Luchini says.

“The antigen is a component of the toxic-causing agent itself,” Luchini says. “Instead of looking at the host response or whatever the human body does to fight the infection, we look at a piece of the infection-causing agent. Everyone measures the antibodies because it’s much easier.”

And it’s those antibodies that can cause problems, Liotta says. Antibodies fight infection and react to the proteins in the bacteria. But antibodies don’t stop with the infection—they move to attack proteins in the nerves, joints, and brain, Liotta says.

“The bacterium doesn’t directly cause the damage,” Liotta says. “It’s the immune response that’s doing the damage. The goal is to have a way to detect Lyme disease even before you make antibodies against it. Then you could treat the patient with antibiotics, and they wouldn’t get all those terrible symptoms. Or, if someone has joint problems and they’re convinced they have Lyme disease—and there are thousands of people who feel that way—it gives us a way to definitively say they do or don’t have Lyme disease.”

The inspiration for the test started about two and a half years ago when a high school student from Lucketts, Virginia, joined Mason’s Aspiring Scientists Summer Internship Program and worked with Luchini and Liotta. Temple Douglas, now a junior at Princeton University, had family members who suffered from Lyme disease.

She even collected the first round of ticks for the initial work on the test. “I lived in the countryside, so whenever people found ticks on their animals or crawling on their pants after they went hiking, I would take them with me to the lab,” Douglas says.

Ceres Nanosciences raised $1 million late last year, due in large part to the commercial potential of the Lyme disease diagnostic test, says Ross Dunlap, its chief executive officer. The results could do more than boost the company’s bottom line, he says.

“It would be good not to be flooding every tick bite with antibiotics,” Dunlap says.

This article originally appeared on the university’s News site.

To read more stories about Mason, check out the university’s News site.

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Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Pe Maalis 08, 2013 13:25

Laane 2013. "Olemme löytäneet yksinkertaisen menetelmän elävien borreliabakteerien havaitsemiseksi kroonista borrelioosia sairastavien verinäytteistä. Menetelmänä on perinteinen mikroskooppinen tutkimus jonka avulla havaitaan myös muita taudinaiheuttajia ja voidaan tarkastella esim. antibioottihoidon vaikutusta ."

A simple method for the detection of live Borrelia spirochaetes in human blood using classical microscopy techniques

http://www.biomedicalreports.org/index. ... %5B0%5D=98

From the page above, it is possible to download the pdf directly, from the link given at the bottom of the references.

Biological and Biomedical Reports
Vol 3, No 1 (2013)
A simple method for the detection of live Borrelia spirochaetes in human blood using classical microscopy techniques
Ivar Mysterud, Morten Motzfeldt Laane

Abstract

We have developed a simple method for the detection of live spirochaete stages in blood of patients where chronic borreliosis is suspected. Classic techniques involving phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy are used. The method is also quite sensitive for detecting other bacteria, protists, fungi and other organisms present in blood samples. It is also useful for monitoring the effects of various antibiotics during treatment.

We also present a simple hypothesis for explaining the confusion generated through the interpretation of possible stages of Borrelia seen in human blood. We hypothesize that these various stages in the blood stream are derived from secondarily infected tissues and biofilms in the body with low oxygen concentrations.

Motile stages transform rapidly into cysts or sometimes penetrate other blood cells including red blood cells (RBCs). The latter are ideal hiding places for less motile stages that take advantage of the host’s RBCs blebbing-system. Less motile, morphologically different stages may be passively ejected in the blood plasma from the blebbing RBCs, more or less coated with the host’s membrane proteins which prevents detection by immunological methods.

References

References

Samuels, S. D.; Radolf, J. D. (eds), Borrelia. Molecular biology, host interaction and pathogenesis. Norfolk, Caister Academic Press. 547pp. (2010). ISBN 978-1-904455-58-5

Gray, J. S.; Kahl, O.; Lane, R. S.; Stanek, G. (eds), Lyme borreliosis. Biology,

epidemiology and control. New York, CABI Publishing, 347pp. (2002) ISBN 0851996329

Stricker, R. B.; Johnson, L., Lyme disease: the next decade. Infection and Drug Resistance 4 (2011), pp. 1-9. DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S15653

Burgdorfer, W., Lecture 12th Internat. Congr. On Lyme disease and other spirochetal and tick-borne disorders (1999). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Burgdorfer

Hindle, E., On the life cycle of Spirochaeta gallinarum. Parasitology IV 1912, 463-477 (http://printfu.org/borrelia+burgdorferi+life+cycle).

Ferguson, J., Cure unwanted? Exploring the chronic Lyme disease controversy and why conflicts of interest in practice guidelines may be guidelines guiding us down the wrong path. American Journal of Law and Medicine 2012, 38, 196-224 .

Laane M. M., Ein Einfaches Mikroskopiesystem für Zeitrafferaufnahmen lebender Zellen. Mikrokosmos (Stuttgart) 2006, 95, 310-6. (A simple microscopical system for time-lapse records of living cells). In German

Laane, M. M.; Lie, T., Moderne mikroskopi med enkle metoder. Unipub forlag, Oslo. (2007), pp. 95-101. ISBN 978-82-7477-281-6. (Modern microscopy with simple methods). In Norwegian

Laane, M. M., The use of webcams in microscopy. “InFocus” Magazine, - The Proceedings of The Royal Microscopical Society, Oxford. Issue 2 (2007), pp. 42-54

http://www.rms.org.uk/OneStopCMS/Core/C ... 588aa7dd90

Laane, M. M.; Haugli, F. B., Illustrated guide to phase-contrast microscopy of nuclear events during mitosis and meiosis. In: H.C. Aldrich, J.W. Daniel (eds). Cell biology of Physarum and Didymium. New York, Academic Press Inc., Vol. 2 (1982), pp. 265-276.

ISBN 0-12-049602-X

Yu, L. W., Kjerneorganisering i Parabasalia. Et bidrag til forståelsen av mitosemekanismen som dobbeltsystem. (Nuclear organization in Parabasalids. A contribution to the understanding of the double nature of the mitotic mechanism). M.Sc. Thesis (supervisor M.M. Laane). University of Oslo, Norway. (2000)

Laane, M. M., YouTube video “SuperMikroskop” Borrelia live in human blood. (2011). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxSHL9xG ... re=related

Laane, M. M.; Mysterud, I.; Longva, O.; Schumacher, T., Borrelia og Lyme-borreliose,- morfologiske studier av en farlig spirochet. Biolog 2009, 27, (2), 30-45. (Borrelia and Lyme borreliosis, - morphological studies of a dangerous spirochaete). In Norwegian. http://www.bio.ekanal.no/bio/vedlegg/borrelia.pdf

Laane, M. M.; Olsson, C. C.; Mysterud, I.; Longva, O.; Schumacher, T., Flått og hjortelusflue - viktige sykdomsvektorer under spredning i norsk natur. Biolog 2010, 28, (3-4), 70-85. (Tick and deerked – important disease vectors spreading in Norwegian ecosystems). In Norwegian.

http://www.borrelia-tbe.se/filer/2011/0 ... Biolog.pdf

Sens, P.; Gov, N., Force balance and membrane shedding at the red blood cell surface. Physical Review letters 2007, 98 018102, 1-4.

Margulis, L. J.; Ashen, B.; Sole, M.; Gurrero, R., Composite, large spirochetes from microbial mats: spirochetes structure review. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993, 90, 6966-70.

Brorson, Ø.; Brorson, S.-H.; Schytes, J.; McAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, L., Destruction of the spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) by the antibiotic Tigeocycline. PNAS 2009, 106, (44), 18656-61.

Brorson, Ø.; Brorson, S.-H., A rapid method for generating cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi, and their reversal to mobile spirochetes. APMIS 1998, 106, (12), 1131-41 .

The Lyme Info Net, see especially: Morphological transformation in Borrelia and other spirochetes: Observations of round forms and blebs 1905-2010, see also Survival in adverse conditions. http://www.lymeinfo.net/lymefiles.html

Brorson, Ø.; Brorson, S.-H., Transformation of cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi to normal, mobile spirochetes. Infection 1997, 25, (4), 240-6.

Bozsik, B., YouTube video: Dark-field microscopy, DualDur (2009). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiwRTu9zg5k

Moriarty, T. J.; Norman, M. U.; Colarusso, P.; Bankhead, T.; Kubes, P.; Chaconas, G., Real-time high-resolution 3D imaging of the Lyme disease spirochete adhering to and escaping from the vasculature of a living host. PLOS Pathogens 2008, 4, (6), e1000090. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000090.

Pohlod, D. J.; Mattman, L. H.; Tunsdall, L., Structures suggesting cell-wall deficient forms detected in circulating erythrocytes by fluorochrome staining. Applied Microbiology 1972, 23, 262-7.

Mattman, L., Lecture at Saginow, May 6th. 10 Ann. Int. Conf. NIH Bethesda. MD. (1997)

Badon, S. J.; Fister, R. D.; Cable, R. G., Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in blood products. Transfusion 1989, 29, (7), 581-3.

Nadelmann, R. B.; Sherer, C.; Mack, L.; Pavia, C. S.; Wormser, G. P., Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in human blood stored under blood banking conditions. Transfusion 1990, 30, (4), 298-301.

Margulis, L., (pers. comm.) letter to Dr. Todd LePine (2011).

Silvie, O.; Mota, M. M.; Matuschewski, K.; Prudencio, M., Interactions of the malaria parasite and its mammalian host. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2008, 11, 1-8.

MacDonald, A., A life-cycle for Borrelia spirochetes? Medical Hypotheses 2006, 67, (4), 810-8. .http://www.theoneclickgroup.co.uk/docum ... chetes.htm

MacDonald, A., Segmentation in the Borrelia genome. Genetic implications. (2012). http://lymeneteurope.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=3686

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Pe Maalis 08, 2013 14:27

Immunoblottauksen (western blot) tulkinta Kiinassa.

Biomed Environ Sci. 2010 Oct;23(5):341-9. doi: 10.1016/S0895-3988(10)60074-8.
Interpretation criteria for standardized Western blot for the predominant species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China.
Jiang Y, Hou XX, Geng Z, Hao Q, Wan KL.
Source

State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, National Institute of Communicable Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center of Disease Control & Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:

Western blotting (WB; immunoblotting) is a widely used tool for the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB), but so far, no generally accepted criteria for its performance and interpretation have been established in China. The present study was designed to determine the criteria for standardized Western blot for the predominant species of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in China, in which WB was produced with strain PD₉₁ as the representative strain attributed to predominant genospecies Borrelia garinii of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.
METHODS:

Approximately 13 bands between 14 and 100 kD were differentiated for strain PD₉₁ by using Gel-Pro analysis software. In a study with 631 serum samples (taken from 127 patients with Lyme borreliosis and 504 controls), all observed bands were documented. To establish criteria for a positive WB result for strain PD₉₁, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used.
RESULTS:

The following interpretation criteria were recommended: for IgG, at least one band of P83/100, P58, P39, P30, OspC, P17, P66, and OspA; for IgM, at least one band of P83/100, P58, OspA, P30, OspC, P17 or P41. In addition, syphilis, leptospirosis and other related diseases should be excluded when the positive band is P41 in IgM. For IgG criteria, the sensitivity is 73.2%, the specificity is 99.4% and Youden index is 0.726; for IgM criteria, the sensitivity is 50.6%, the specificity is 93.1% and Youden index is 0.437.

CONCLUSION:

Standardization of WB assays is necessary for comparison of results from different laboratories. Moreover, the criteria of other genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato should be determined in the future to complete the criteria of WB for the diagnosis of the Lyme disease in China.

Copyright © 2010 The Editorial Board of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PMID:
21112481
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ke Maalis 13, 2013 18:55

Virheelliseen diagnoosiin voidaan päätyä esim virheellisen negatiivisen testituloksen johdosta. Virheellinen testitulos voi johtua mm siitä syystä että testissä käytetyt antigeenit eivät havaitse bakteerin alalajia esim. B.miyamotoita. Esim. USA:ssa löydetään yhä enenevässä määrin Euroopassa esiintyviä B.gariniita ja afzeliita mutta borreliatesteissä käytetään siellä antigeeninä ainoastaan B.burgdorferi B31. Se saattaa selittää osaltaan lukuisat virheelliset negatiiviset testitulokset.

Reconciliation of Published Facts with the Presence of Garinii type Borrelia on the North American Continent:

The presence of Garinii in the blood of USA patients ( N=5 patients) from the Advanced Labs paper by
Dr Eva Sapi, the additional patient with blood culture positive Afzelii, and two patients with
Kurtenbachii all reinforced the breakthrough idea that European Type Borrelia are now most likely
in the USA population - either by virtue of Travel to Europe on Vacation, or even because of exposure
to European ticks during military service [ the USA has a sizable ground force in Germany}

These Garinii " European strains" are also prominent in Mexican Lyme and are the exclusive agents
in Brazilian Lyme.
So we need to recalibrate our thinking about what strains might be in any individual's blood
from any continent.
Garinii will not be deteted in ELISA or WB manufactured from B31 USA borrelia burgdorferi.
So an an unknown % of "seronegative" patients may be " B31 diagnositic kit" negative but
seropositive with kits developed from "european" strains.

Further muddying the waters is the identification of Miyamotoi in Northeastern USA with a well
documented case of human disease now recorded. Miyamotoi test kits are not standardized
and are not commercially available. So here is another scenario for so called False negative but
in the body positive Borrelia infection of either the pure miyamotoi type or of the mixed
miyamotoi/burgdorferi type.

Further complicating the Serology unanswered questions :: the 92 genotypes {pyrG DNA sequencing} of
Burgdorferi type borrelia
now known to exist in the USA as subtypes of BB sensu stricto. The best genotyped among these are what
I refer to as the Schutzer "13 Strains" and among these is stran Bb ss Sz7.
One of the 92 isolates from Advanced labs was Sz7 Bb ss.
--------------------------
Whole-genome sequences of thirteen isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20935092by SE Schutzer - 2011 - Cited by 20 - Related articles
Oct 8, 2010 – Schutzer SE, Fraser-Liggett CM, Casjens SR, Qiu WG, Dunn JJ, Mongodin EF, Luft BJ. ... The first complete genome sequence of B. burgdorferi strain 31, ... we determined the whole-genome sequences of 13 additional B.

Sapi,E., et al ,"Improved Culture conditions for the Growth and Detection of Borrelia from Human Serum",
International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2013, 10(4) 362-376, doi: 10.7150/ijms.5698

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Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ke Maalis 13, 2013 19:10

10 v vanha (2003) artikkeli Borrelioosin diagnostiikasta Euroopassa.

http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplu ... 3322662200

Diagnosis of Lyme Borreliosis in Europe

BETTINA WILSKE
ABSTRACT

In Europe, Lyme borreliosis is caused by at least three species, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. garinii.
Thus microbiological diagnosis in European patients must consider the heterogeneity of Lyme disease borreliae
for development of diagnostic tools such as PCR primers and diagnostic antigens. According to guidelines of the
German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology, the serological diagnosis should follow the principle of a two-step
procedure. A sensitive ELISA differentiating IgM and IgG is recommended as the first step. In case the ELISA is
reactive, it is followed by immunoblots (IgM and IgG) as the second step. The reactive diagnostic bands should
be clearly identified, which is easy if recombinant antigens are used. The sensitivity and standardization of immunoblots
has been considerably enhanced by use of recombinant antigens instead of whole cell lysates. Improved
sensitivity resulted from use of recombinant proteins that are expressed primarily in vivo (e.g., VlsE) and
combination of homologous proteins from different strains of borrelia (e.g., DbpA). It also appears promising to
use recombinant proteins (DbpA, VlsE, others) or synthetic peptides (the conserved C6 peptide derived from VlsE)
as ELISA antigens. At present, detection rates for serum antibodies are 20–50% in stage I, 70–90% in stage II, and
nearly 100% in stage III Lyme disease. The main goals for the future are to improve specificity in general and sensitivity
for diagnosis of early manifestations (stage I and II). Detection of the etiological agent by culture or PCR
should be confined to specific indications and specialised laboratories. Recommended specimens are skin biopsy
specimens, CSF and synovial fluid. The best results are obtained from skin biopsies with culture or PCR (50–70%)
and synovial tissue or fluid (50–70% with PCR). CSF yields positive results in only 10–30% of patients. Methods
that are not recommended for diagnostic purposes are antigen tests in body fluids, PCR of urine, and lymphocyte
transformation tests. Key Words: Lyme borreliosis—Borrelia burgdorferi—Diagnosis. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis.
3, 215–227.

INTRODUCTION

LYME BORRELIOSIS is a multisystem disease involving many organs such as the skin, the
nervous system, the joints, and the heart (Steere et al. 1989, Pfister et al. 1994). This condition is
the most frequent tick-borne disease in the northern hemisphere. Due to the diversity of
clinical symptoms, Lyme disease is often considered in a differential diagnosis. Examinations for antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi are thus in high demand, and are among the most frequently requested serological tests
in microbiological laboratories. Microbiological diagnosis in European patients must consider the heterogeneity of Lyme disease borreliae in Europe.

HETEROGENEITY OF LYME DISEASE BORRELIAE IN EUROPE AND ITS IMPACT FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS

In Europe, Lyme borreliosis is caused by at
least three species: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto,
Max von Pettenkofer Institute, University of Munich, National Reference Center for Borreliae, Munich, Germany.
B. afzelii, and B. garinii. In contrast, B. burgdorferi
sensu stricto is the only human-pathogenic
species in the United States (Wang et al. al
1999b). The three human-pathogenic species
comprise at least seven OspA-serotypes in Europe
(Fig. 1) (Wilske et al. 1993c). Skin isolates
primarily belong to B. afzelii (OspA-type 2), especially
those from patients with acrodermatitis
chronica athrophicans, a chronic skin disease
not present in America (Canica et al. 1993,
Ohlenbusch et al. 1996, Wilske et al. 1993c) (see
also legend of Fig. 1). Isolates from CSF and
ticks are heterogeneous with a predominance
of B. garinii (Eiffert et al. 1995, van Dam et al.
1993, Wilske et al. 1996, Wilske et al. 1993c).
Sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) ospA amplicons from synovial fluid
of Lyme arthritis patients revealed heterogeneity
(Eiffert et al. 1998, Vasiliu et al. 1998),
whereas other studies found mainly B.
burgdorferi s.s. using PCR based on the 5S/23S
rRNA intergenic spacer region (Lünemann et
al. 2001) or the flagellin gene (Jaulhac et al.
1996 and 2000). The most frequent genomic
groups in Europe B. afzelii and B. garinii occur
across the continent and the islands, whereas
the third frequent group B. burgdorferi s.s. has
only rarely been isolated in Eastern Europe (for
a survey, see Hubalek et al. 1997). Strains may
be very heterogeneous even within small areas
(Eiffert et al. 1995, Gern et al. 1999, Michel
et al. 2003, Rauter et al. 2002, Rijpkema et al.
1996). On the other side a focal prevalence of
certain species or subtypes was also observed
(Michel et al. 2003, Peter et al. 1995). Mixed infections
have been repeatedly observed in ixodid
ticks (for a survey, see Hubalek et al. 1997)
and sometimes also in specimens from patients
(Demaerschalck et al. 1995, Vasiliu et al. 1998,
Wilske et al. 1996). The heterogeneity of the
causative strains (Fig. 1) is a challenge for the
microbiological diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis
in Europe and must be kept in mind for development
of diagnostic tools such as PCR
primers and diagnostic antigens. For example,
ospA PCR has been widely used. Here, it is important
to be sure that not only representatives
of the three species are detected, but also the
different ospA-types of the heterogeneous B.
garinii group (Eiffert et al. 1995). In addition,
PCR should detect B. valaisiana and the recently
detected new genotype A14S since B.
valaisiana and genotype A14S might also be
pathogenic for humans, as suggested by positive
PCR results or cultures obtained from skin
biopsy specimens in a few studies (Rijpkema
et al. 1997, Wang et al. 1999a, Wilske et al.
2002). An ospA PCR for detection and differentiation
of the various European species and
OspA-types has been described by Michel
(2003).
Most of the proteins relevant for serodiagnosis
are heterogeneous. Interspecies amino
acid sequence identities are for example only
40–44% for DbpA (Osp17) and 54-68% for
OspC for representative strains of B. burgdorferi
sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii
(strains B31, PKo, and PBi, respectively)
(Table 1). Especially DbpA has a much higher
amino acid sequence heterogeneity compared
to the DNA sequence heterogeneity indicating
immune selection. However, highly
heterogeneous proteins sometimes have conserved
immunogenic epitopes (e.g., the C6
peptide of VlsE) (Liang et al. 1999, Liang et
al. 2000).

GUIDELINES FOR THE
MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
OF LYME BORRELIOSIS
The German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology
(DGHM) has recently published guidelines
for the microbiological diagnosis of Lyme
borreliosis written by an expert committee
(MiQ 12 Lyme-Borreliose) (Wilske et al. 2000).
The English version is accessible via internet
(www.dghm.org/red/index.html?cname5MI
Q). Except in cases with the pathognomic clinical
manifestation erythema migrans, the diagnosis
of Lyme borreliosis usually requires
confirmation by means of a microbiological diagnostic
assay. Antibody detection methods
mainly are used for this purpose, whereas detection
of the causative agent by culture isolation
and nucleic acid techniques is confined to
special situations, such as to clarify clinically
and serologically ambiguous findings. Application
of these methods should be reserved to
laboratories specialized in this type of examination.

DIAGNOSIS OF LYME BORRELIOSIS IN EUROPE 217
FIG. 1. Heterogeneity of Lyme disease Borrelia species and OspA-serotypes in Europe. Data for skin, CSF, and ticks are based on analysis of culture isolates; data
for synovial fluid are based on analysis of ospA PCR amplicons; source of skin specimens is known in 46 patients (30 cases with erythema migrans, thereof were 1,
26, 1, and 2 cases infected with OspA-types 1, 2, 4, and 6, respectively; 16 cases with ACA, thereof were 1 and 15 cases infected with OspA-types 1 and 2, respectively).
(Modified from Figures 5 and 6 in Wilske et al., 2002, with permission of the publisher.)
SPECIMENS FOR THE
MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
For culture and PCR, skin biopsy samples are
the most promising specimens. In general poor
results are obtained from body fluids with the
exception of PCR of synovial fluid. Examination
of urine (PCR, antigen detection) is not recommended
nor the examination (PCR or IFA)
of ticks removed from patients in order to decide
antibiotic prophylaxis (Brettschneider et
al. 1998, Kaiser et al. 1998, Klempner et al. 2001,
Wilske et al. 2000). Examination of ticks should
be performed only for epidemiological or other
scientific studies. For antibody determination,
serum or CSF can be investigated. CSF examination
should always be done together with
serum antibody analysis (determination of the
CSF/serum antibody index).
DIRECT DETECTION METHODS
Culture
B. burgdorferi can be cultivated in modified
Kelly’s medium (Preac-Mursic et al. 1991,
Wilske and Schriefer 2002). This, however, is a
very time-consuming method (generation time
of B. burgdorferi is about 7–20 h) characterised by
low sensitivity, especially in body fluids (Arnez
et al. 2001, Åsbrink et al. 1985, Karlsson et al.
1990, Strle et al. 1999, Zore et al. 2002) (Table 2).
Culturing may be of help in individual cases if
the clinical picture suggests Lyme borreliosis despite
a negative antibody assay (seronegative
Lyme borreliosis), for example, in atypical erythema
migrans, suspected acute neuroborreliosis
without detection of intrathecal antibodies or
in the case of suspected Lyme borreliosis in patients
with immune deficiencies.
PCR
There is no standardized method for the
preparation of specimens nor for performing
the PCR itself. For DNA amplification under
experimental conditions various target sequences
have been used by specialised laboratories,
for example, from plasmid-borne genes
such as ospA and ospB, or chromosomal genes
such as the genes for the flagellar protein or
p66 (clone 2H1), or from gene segments of
the 16S rRNA or the 5S/23S rRNA intergenic
218 WILSKE
TABLE 1. SEQUENCE IDENTITIES AMONG MAJOR IMMUNODOMINANT PROTEINS OF THE THREE GENOSPECIES
OF B. BURGDORFERI SENSU LATO (COMPARISON OF STRAINS B31, PKO AND PBI)
DNA sequences, Amino acid sequences,
Protein range (in %) range (in %)
DbpAa 51–63 40–44
OspCa 61–77 54–68
OspAa 85–86 78–81
p35a 74–85 65–80
BmpA (p39)a 91–93 89–90
p58a 90–97 90–97
Flagellin 94–95 96–97
Flagellin fragment (aa 129–251) nd 93–96
p83/100a 87–89 81–87
aSequence identities were calculated without the leader sequence of the lipoproteins.
TABLE 2. SENSITIVITY OF DIRECT PATHOGEN DETECTION METHODS IN LYME BORRELIOSIS
Specimen Sensitivity
Skin (erythema migrans, acrodermatitis) 50–70% when using culture or PCR
CSF (neuroborreliosis, stage II) 10–30% when using culture or PCR
Synovial fluida (Lyme arthritis) 50–70% when using PCR (culture is only extremely
seldom positive)
aHigher sensitivity within synovial tissue compared to synovial fluid.
spacer region (for a survey, see Schmidt et al.
1997). Borrelia PCR should allow diagnosis of
the Borrelia species, that is, the medical report
should contain information as to which of the
three species pathogenic for humans has been
found. The diagnostic sensitivity of PCR is
about the same as the sensitivity of culture.
Borreliae are detected with much more difficulty
from body fluids than from tissue specimens
by either PCR or culture (Arnez et al.
2001, Jaulhac et al. 1996, Karlsson et al. 1990).
Solely PCR of synovial fluid seems to surpass
culture significantly in sensitivity (Nocton et
al. 1994).
Sensitivity of culture and PCR
Table 2 gives a survey about sensitivity of direct
detection methods in clinical specimens
from patients with Lyme borreliosis. Culture and
PCR have the highest detection rates (50–70%) in
skin biopsies from patients with erythema migrans
or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
(Åsbrink et al. 1985a, van Dam et al. 1993, von
Stedingk et al. 1995, Weber et al. 1990, Zore et al.
2002). In contrast borreliae are detected by PCR
or culture in the CSF of only 10–30% of patients
with neuroborreliosis (Eiffert et al. 1995, Karlsson
et al. 1990, Wilske and Preac-Mursic 1993b).
CSF isolates are more frequently obtained from
patients with short duration of disease than from
patients with disease of long duration (Karlsson
et al. 1990). It is surprising that borreliae are detected
by PCR in 50–70% in the synovial fluids
of Lyme arthritis patients, but culture is rarely
successful (Eiffert et al. 1998, Vassiliu et al. 1998).
The best PCR results are obtained from synovial
tissue, not fluid (Jaulhac et al. 1996).
DIAGNOSIS OF LYME BORRELIOSIS IN EUROPE 219
FIG. 2. Two-step approach in serodiagnosis. For criteria for positive, borderline, and negative blot, see text. (Modified
from Figure 6 in Wilske et al., 2000.)
ANTIBODY DETECTION
It is generally accepted that serological examination
should follow the principles of a two
step approach (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention 1995, Johnson et al. 1996, Wilske et
al. 2000, Wilske and Schriefer 2002): (1) A serological
screening assay and (2) in the event of
a positive or equivocal result a confirmatory
assay. A sensitive ELISA is recommended,
which—in case it is reactive—should be confirmed
by the immunoblot (Fig. 2).
ELISA
The ELISA tests used for screening should be
at least second generation tests (Wilske et al.
2000), which have been improved with respect
to cross reactivity with other bacteria (e.g., extract
antigen with previous Reiter treponeme
adsorption) (Wilske et al. 1993a) or purified intact
flagella as antigen (Hansen et al. 1988).
Strains used as antigen source should express
OspC the immunodominant antigen of the IgM
response and DbpA an immunodominant antigen
of the IgG response (Wilske et al. 2000). Recently
specific recombinant antigens (i.e., VlsE)
or synthetic peptides (i.e., the C6 peptide derived
from VlsE) have been successfully used
in the United States (Bacon et al. 2003, Lawrenz
et al. 1999, Liang et al. 1999) and in a study with
European sera from patients with erythema migrans,
acrodermatitis, and arthritis (C6 peptide)
(Liang et al. 2000). Very recently also patients
with neuroborreliosis stage II have been
investigated with the C6 ELISA (IgG test) and
compared to the recombinant immunoblot
(Fingerle et al. 2002). Of 36 sera 31 were positive
by immunoblot and 34 by the C6-ELISA.
Two of the 31 immunoblot positive sera were
only borderline in the C6-ELISA, these sera had
antibodies against recombinant DbpA and p58
and DbpA and VlsE respectively. The C6-
ELISA appears to be sufficiently sensitive as a
screening test for IgG antibodies in patients
with neuroborreliosis if also borderline results
are included. However, VlsE has other immunodominant
epitopes besides the C6 region
that could improve diagnostic sensitivity; heterogeneity
of those immunodominant epitopes
especially must be considered in Europe (Göttner
et al. 2002). The IgM and IgG immune responses
of Lyme borreliosis patients in recombinant
immunoblots should suggest the best
combination of antigens for the development
of recombinant ELISAs.
Immunoblot
As a confirmatory assay the immunoblot
should have high specificity (at least 95%). If a
whole cell lysate is used as antigen, diagnostic
bands must be defined by monoclonal antibodies
(Fig. 3). In case of recombinant antigens,
identification of diagnostic bands is much easier.
For the whole cell lysate blot, strains expressing
immunodominant variable antigens
(OspC, DbpA5Osp17) in culture should be
used (i.e., strain PKo) (Wilske et al. 2000).
The immunoblot criteria recommended by
the Centers of Disease Control (CDC) for use
in the United States can not be used for Europe
(Hauser et al. 1997, Hauser et al. 1998, Robertson
et al. 2000). Dressler et al. (1994) have
shown in an immunoblot study that the immune
response of European patients is re-
220 WILSKE
FIG. 3. Standardization of the whole cell lysate immunoblot
with monoclonal antibodies (antigen, B. afzelii
strain PKo; control sera, G5IgG, M5IgM; monoclonal antibodies
(1–11). Arrows indicate closely neighbored proteins
difficult to distinguish. (Modified from Figure 3 in
Wilske et al., 2000, with permission of the publisher.)
stricted to a narrower spectrum of Borrelia proteins,
compared with that shown by American
patients. Using different serum panels (first
serum panel from Germany, second serum
panel from various European countries),
Hauser et al. demonstrated in two studies that
strain-specific interpretation rules must be defined
(Hauser et al. 1997, Hauser et al. 1998).
Figure 4 shows that immunoblot antibody
binding patterns vary considerably by strain
used as antigen. Thus different interpretation
rules are required in order to achieve equal
sensitivity and specificity when different
genospecies of Borrelia are used in preparing
the blot antigen.
Interpretation criteria for the immunoblot
recommended by the DGHM are published
in the MiQ 12 Lyme-Borreliose (Wilske et al.
2000). These are if B. afzelii strain PKo is used
as antigen source the following: The IgG blot
is positive if $2 bands of the following are present:
p83/100, p58, p43, p39, p30, OspC, p21,
Osp17, p14; the IgM blot is positive if $1 band
of the following is present: p41 (strong), p39,
OspC, DbpA (Osp17). Further interpretation
criteria (other strains, recombinant blot) are
available via internet (www.dghm.org/red/index.
html?cname=MIQ). Borderline results are
reported if diagnostic bands are visible but the
criteria for a positive blot are not fulfilled. A
blot is negative if no diagnostic bands are visible.
Examples for IgM and IgG immunoblots are
shown in Figure 5. Patients with early manifestations
of acute neuroborreliosis have an
immune response restricted to only a few proteins.
Patients with late disease such as acrodermatitis
or arthritis have IgG antibodies to a
broad spectrum of antigens. Using recombinant
antigens for the immunoblot has several
advantages compared to the immunoblot using
whole cell lysate antigen: (a) specific antigens
can be selected (i.e., p83/100, BmpA), (b)
homologous antigens derived from different
DIAGNOSIS OF LYME BORRELIOSIS IN EUROPE 221
FIG. 4. Heterogeneous IgG reactivity of sera from Lyme borreliosis patients in the immunoblot with different strains
of B. burgdorferi s.l as antigen. Strain PKa2 is B. burgdorferi s.s., strain PKo is B. afzelii, and strain PBi is B. garinii. (Modified
from Figure 2 in Hauser et al., 1997, with permission of the publisher.)
strains can be combined (i.e., DbpA (Osp17),
OspC, BmpA), (c) truncated antigens with
higher specificity can be designed (internal flagellin
fragments), and (d) antigens primarily
expressed in vivo can be used (i.e., DbpA, VlsE)
(Heikkilä et al. 2002, Schulte-Spechtel et al.
2002, Wilske et al. 1999). Commercial recombinant
antigen immunoblots are better standardised
than the conventional ones. If a broad
panel of recombinant antigens (including the
recently described VlsE) is used the recombinant
blot is at least as sensitive as the conventional
one. An in house recombinant IgG immunoblot
(Wilske et al. 1999) shown in Figure
6 could be significantly improved by addition
of recombinant VlsE and an additional DbpA
homologue (Schulte-Spechtel et al.2003). Purified
proteins and immunoblot reactivity with
sera from patients with acute neuroborreliosis
are shown in Figure 7. By addition of VlsE and
the DbpA homologue, sensitivity increased
from 52.7% to 86.1% in 36 cases of neuroborreliosis
stage II, while specificity remained unchanged.
Sensitivity was also increased compared
to the whole cell lysate immunoblot
(86.1% versus 63.8%). Thus the new recombinant
immunoblot is a considerable step towards
better standardisation and in addition is
more sensitive than the whole cell lysate blot
since homologous proteins from different
222 WILSKE
FIG. 5. Whole cell lysate immunoblot: IgM- and IgG immune response in patients with neuroborreliosis (lanes 1–7,
respectively), IgG immune response in patients with acrodermatitis (lanes 1-7). Lanes designated with 1 are IgG blots
to demonstrate a broad panel of diagnostic bands. (Modified from Figure 4 in Wilske et al., 2000, with permission of
the publisher.)
strains (especially those with low sequence
identities as DbpA, see Table 1) and in vivo expressed
proteins (as VlsE) are used as antigens.
Determination of the CSF/serum index
Methods taking into account potential dysfunction
of the blood-CSF barrier are suitable
for the detection of intrathecal antibody production
(Wilske et al. 1986, Hansen et al. 1990,
Hansen et al. 1991). Determination of the
CSF/serum index should be performed if neuroborreliosis
is considered, since a positive
CSF/serum index confirms involvement of the
CNS. It may be positive in some cases when
serum antibody tests are negative or equivocal,
especially if the patient’s illness has been of
short duration (Wilske et al. 2000). Depending
on the time elapsed since the first manifestation
of neurological symptoms, the IgG
CSF/serum index is positive for 80–90% of patients
(8–41 days after onset of the disease) up
to 100% of patients (.41 days after onset)
(Hansen et al. 1991). Detection of intrathecally
DIAGNOSIS OF LYME BORRELIOSIS IN EUROPE 223
FIG. 6. Recombinant IgG immunoblot with sera from patients with neuroborreliosis stage II (old immunoblot); top
and bottoms panels are the same. (Modified from Figure 2 in Wilske et al., 1999, with permission of the publisher.)
FIG. 7. New recombinant antigens for an improved immunoblot:
VlsE from B. burgdorferi s.s. strain PKa2 and
DbpA from B. garinii strain PBr. (a) SDS- PAGE: A—recombinant
E. coli whole cell lysate; B—purified protein. (b)
Immunoblot with immune serum against E. coli, antigens as
in a. (c) Immunoblot with sera from three patients with acute
neuroborreliosis. (Modified from Figures 1 and 3 in Schulte-
Spechtel et al., 2003, with permission of the publisher.)
produced IgM antibodies shows a high degree
of sensitivity in neuroborreliosis with short duration
of symptoms, especially in children
(Christen et al. 1993, Hansen et al. 1991).
CSF/serum index determination is especially
important for diagnosis of chronic neuroborreliosis.
A positive IgG CSF/serum index
is essential for the diagnosis of chronic borreliosis
of the central nervous system (see
EUCALB case definitions, Stanek et al. 1996),
whereas chronic peripheral polyneuropathy is
usually negative for intrathecal antibody production
(Kristoferitsch et al. 1993).
Serological findings in various
stages of the disease
Interpretation of serological test results must
always be done in context with clinical data
(Table 3). Here case definitions are helpful
(Stanek et al. 1996, Wilske et al. 2000). In stage I
(erythema migrans), only 20–50% of the patients
are seropositive for IgM and/or IgG antibodies
(Åsbrink et al. 1985b, Hansen and Åsbrink 1989,
Weber et al. 1990). IgM antibodies usually prevail.
An exception might be the immune response
against the recently detected VlsE. In
American patients with erythema migrans IgG
responses against VlsE are observed earlier than
IgM responses (in acute erythema migrans, in
44% versus 19%, in convalescent erythema migrans
in 59% versus 43%) (Bacon et al. 2003). In
European patients with erythema migrans, an
early IgG response to VlsE was observed in
20 of 23 (87%) culture-confirmed EM cases, the
IgM response has not been investigated (Liang
et al. 2000). In stage II (acute neuroborreliosis)
seropositivity (IgM and/or IgG antibodies) increases
to 70–90% (Hansen et al. 1988, Wilske et
al. 1993a). In principle, patients with early manifestations
may be seronegative especially in case
of short duration of symptoms. Then serological
follow-up is recommended. Six weeks or more
after onset of symptoms, 100% of the patients
with stage II neuroborreliosis were seropositive
(Hansen et al.1988). In cases with late disease
(stage III, acrodermatis and arthritis), IgG antibodies
were detectable in all patients tested
(Hansen and Åsbrink 1989, Johnson et al. 1996,
Wilske et al. 1993a). A negative IgG test argues
against late Lyme borreliosis. Thus, a positive
IgM test without a positive IgG test is not diagnostic
for late disease manifestations (Wilske et
al. 2000). An exception could be the situation of
a patient who received inadequate antibiotic
therapy for early disease, but sufficient drug to
abrogate IgM to IgG class switch or very short
duration of clinical symptoms. Since serological
findings vary considerably and antibodies may
persist for long time in successfully treated individuals,
serological follow up is not suitable for
determining whether further antibiotic therapy
is warranted. The presence of specific antibodies
does not prove the presence of disease; a positive
antibody test may also be due to clinical or
subclinical infections in the past. The more nonspecific
the symptoms, the lower is the predictive
value of a positive serological test. Seropositivity
in the normal healthy population varies
with age and increased outdoor activities (e.g.,
in one study in Bavaria ,5% up to 20%) (Reimer
et al. 1999).
METHODS WHICH ARE NOT
RECOMMENDED FOR
MICROBIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
Recently, various methods have been used in
commercially oriented laboratories that are not
224 WILSKE
TABLE 3. SENSITIVITY OF ANTIBODY DETECTION METHODS
IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF LYME DISEASE
Stage Sensitivity Remarks
I 20–50% Predominance of IgM
II 70–90% In cases of short disease duration
predominance of IgM, in cases of long
disease duration predominance of IgG
III Nearly 100% Usually solely IgGa
aThe presence of IgM antibodies without IgG antibodies is not diagnostic for
late disease; for possible exceptions, see text.
sufficiently evaluated for diagnostic purposes.
Among them are the antigen tests in body fluids,
PCR of urine, and lymphocyte transformation
tests. These tests are not recommended
for microbiological diagnosis. They are unreliable
and some of them are in addition very expensive,
especially if used for therapy control
(Brettschneider et al. 1998, Kalish et al. 2003,
Klempner et al. 2001).
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Address reprint requests to:
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Max von Pettenkofer Institute
University of Munich
National Reference Center for Borreliae
Pettenkofer-Strasse 9a
D 80336 Munich, Germany
E-mail: Bettina.Wilske@mvp-bak.med.unimuenchen.
de

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Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ke Maalis 13, 2013 20:03

Useita ihomuutoksia (2-3) siitä huolimatta 50% seronegatiivisia, ihosta otettu PCR kuitenkin positiivinen.

The Many Faces of Solitary and Multiple Erythema Migrans Acta Dermato-Venereologica

Accepted Nov 5, 2012; Epub ahead of print Feb 28, 2013

Acta Derm Venereol 2013; 93: XX–XX.

Pernilla Eriksson1, Marika T. Schröder1, Kirsi Niiranen1, Antti Nevanlinna2, Jaana Panelius1 and Annamari Ranki1

1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and 2Center for Information Technology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland


DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1549
Abstract:

Case definitions for European Lyme disease have been published. However, multiple erythema migrans may pose a diagnostic challenge. Therefore, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical and serological findings and response to therapy in a cohort of consecutive 54 patients with PCR-confirmed erythema migrans, referred to a university dermatology clinic. The proportion of patients with multiple erythema migrans lesions (usually 2 or 3) was almost equal (46%) to the proportion of patients with single erythema migrans lesions (54%). All patients, except for 2 multiple erythema migrans patients with a concomitant autoimmune disease, completely responded to treatment. In conclusion, multiple erythema migrans may be more common than anticipated, and since only 50% of the patients were seropositive when seeking medi-cal help, PCR testing of skin lesions is helpful to confirm the diagnosis in clinically atypical cases.

Full text and photos here:
http://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/cont ... &preview=1

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Su Maalis 24, 2013 09:43

Bb:n viljely kroonista borrelioosia sairastavilta. Myös aiemmin antibioottihoitoa saaneilta.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9861561

Infection. 1998 Nov-Dec;26(6):364-7.

A proposal for the reliable culture of Borrelia burgdorferi from patients with chronic Lyme disease, even from those previously aggressively treated.

Phillips SE, Mattman LH, Hulínská D, Moayad H.
Source

Greenwich Hospital, CT 06830, USA.
Abstract

Since culture of Borrelia burgdorferi from patients with chronic Lyme disease has been an extraordinarily rare event, clarification of the nature of the illness and proving its etiology as infectious have been difficult. A method for reliably and reproducibly culturing B. burgdorferi from the blood of patients with chronic Lyme disease was therefore sought by making a controlled blood culture trial studying 47 patients with chronic Lyme disease. All had relapsed after long-term oral and intravenous antibiotics. 23 patients with other chronic illness formed the control group.

Positive cultures were confirmed by fluorescent antibody immuno-electron microscopy using monoclonal antibody directed against Osp A, and Osp A PCR. 43/47 patients (91%) cultured positive. 23/23 controls (100%) cultured negative.


Although persistent infection has been, to date, strongly suggested in chronic Lyme disease by positive PCR and antigen capture, there are major problems with these tests. This new method for culturing B. burgdorferi from patients with chronic Lyme disease certainly defines the nature of the illness and establishes that it is of chronic infectious etiology. This discovery should help to reestablish the gold standard in laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease.

PMID:
9861561
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Su Maalis 24, 2013 10:07

Borrelia miyamotoi ja valaisiana alalajeja löydettiin Ruotsissa jo v. 2002. Nykyisten borreliatestien kyky havaita kyseiset alalajit?

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12202571

J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Sep;40(9):3308-12.
Determination of novel Borrelia genospecies in Swedish Ixodes ricinus ticks.
Fraenkel CJ, Garpmo U, Berglund J.
Source
Department of Infectious Diseases, Blekinge Hospital, S-371 85 Karlskrona, Sweden. carl-johan.fraenkel@ltblekinge.se
Abstract
A total of 301 adult questing Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected at 15 different locations along the south and east coasts of Sweden to determine the Borrelia genospecies diversity. Thirty-two ticks (11%) were found to be positive by nested PCR with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato-specific primers. Species determination was based on partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and the flagellin gene. Five different Borrelia species were found. The nucleotide sequence of the Borrelia DNA found in two ticks differed extensively from the nucleotide sequences of the Borrelia DNA found in the other ticks, and analysis revealed that they were closely related to the relapsing fever borrelia species Borrelia miyamotoi. This is the first report of a B. miyamotoi-like borrelia in I. ricinus and in Europe.

Moreover, the Borrelia DNA of two ticks (6%) clustered within the B. valaisiana complex. B. valaisiana has not previously been reported in Sweden.
B. afzelii DNA was found in 14 ticks (44%), and B. garinii DNA was found in 10 ticks (31%). B. burgdorferi sensu stricto DNA was found in four ticks (13%). We conclude that all of the known human-pathogenic species (B. garinii, B. afzelii, and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto) and B. valaisiana found elsewhere in Europe are also present in the Swedish host-seeking tick population and that a B. miyamotoi-like Borrelia species seems to be present in I. ricinus ticks in Europe.
PMID: 12202571 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC130762 Free PMC Article
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article ... figure/F1/

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Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » To Huhti 11, 2013 22:58

http://suite101.com/article/vlse-and-ly ... WcSrzflTlY

VlsE and Lyme Disease
Posted by Albert Burchsted on Oct 20, 2008
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The VlsE Protein
VlsE Protein
How Cassettes are Interchanged

Bacteria and viruses are subject to intense attack by the immune systems of their hosts and often marshal elegant strategies to keep from being annihilated. The strategies used by Lyme Borrelia, B. burgdorferi and related spirochetes that cause Lyme disease (LD), are manifold and researchers are just beginning to understand the scope of this bacterium's arsenal. An important component of the Borrelia arsenal is a stealth protein: VlsE.

What is VlsE?

VlsE is a lipid-protein conjugate, found on the cell's outer surface during all Borrelia life stages. It is similar to a lipoprotein of the organism that causes African sleeping sickness.

Unlike most proteins, VlsE is produced in many forms. It is a complicated protein with several variable regions (VRs), and six invariable regions (IRs):

Five IRs serve as roots to lock the protein in the outer membrane of the bacteria.
One, C6, is exposed on the membrane surface and triggers antibody formation.

VlsE Evades the Immune System

Microbial surface proteins that are exposed to the host's immune system usually become targets by which the host eliminates the parasite. When synthesizing VlsE, Borrelia periodically replace the VRs with new sequences. This replacement presents fresh surface antigens, and helps Borrelia remain invisible to the immune system. Within four days of being transferred to a mammalian host, VlsE will be produced with more than one VR suite, reducing the strength of the immune response. In ticks, VlsE does not modify the VRs.

The VRs of VlsE form irregularly shaped loops that lie on the bacterial surface and cover both the invariable roots and surface portions of adjacent proteins, hiding them also from immune cells.

VlsE Antigenic Variation System

The loops containing the VRs are coded by pieces of DNA called antigenic cassettes. In a way similar to an audio or video tape cassette:

The loops can be put into and taken out of the protein.
One loop can be replaced by another loop.

The third image below shows this replacement in a schematic view.

Borrelia have fifteen different VlsE cassettes that can insert into any of the variable regions of VlsE. This interchanging of cassettes allows VlsE to appear as one thousand million billion trillion (that's 1 followed by 30 zeros) different antigens. Similar, but smaller, systems also operate for OSP-A, OSP-B, OSP-C, and other proteins. This heterogeneity allows Borrelia to confuse our immune systems by presenting an astronomical number of different antigens. Researchers are presently trying to determine control of cassettes activation.

The C6 Region

The sixth IR, IR6, of the VlsE protein constantly stimulates a strong immune response. It is possible this presentation is a red herring, or decoy, that misdirects the immune system from less protected sites. When antibodies bind to IR6, they do not damage the bacterium or reduce its effect on the host. It is also possible that VlsE is the protein that allows Borrelia to enter T-cells for the purpose of destroying them.

Since IR6 is invariable and found in all Lyme Borrelia, at all life stages, Dr. Phillipp, of Tulane Medical Center, synthesized this portion of VlsE and used it to devise the C6 ELISA one-step diagnostic test for LD. This test both separates Lyme disease from other conditions more accurately and provides a more consistent identification of the disease than the standard ELISA and Western Blot tests used alone, and about the same as the two used in combination.

How Often is the C6 ELISA Test Used?

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) diagnostic criteria, which are used by the majority of doctors, reject use of the C6 test for LD. Rather, they use the two-step ELISA / WB sequence where the WB is prescribed only if the unreliable ELISA test first indicates the possible presence of Lyme disease.

Lyme literate doctors who recognize the limitations of the IDSA criteria usually know about and use the C6 test for diagnosis.

Disclaimer

The information in this article is believed to be accurate and is presented for the sole purpose of informing community members of information pertaining to Lyme Borreliosis. Any and all liability for the content or any omissions, inaccuracies, errors, or misstatements in such information is expressly disclaimed. Because the symptoms of Lyme disease may vary from person to person, if Lyme Disease is suspected, consult a qualified, Lyme disease literate doctor to discuss your symptoms and for medical advice. The author and Suite101.com are not liable for any direct or indirect damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of function, use, data, or profits arising from or in connection with the application of information presented in this article.

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Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » To Huhti 11, 2013 23:09

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC85865/

J Clin Microbiol. 1999 December; 37(12): 3997–4004.
PMCID: PMC85865
Human Antibody Responses to VlsE Antigenic Variation Protein of Borrelia burgdorferi
M. B. Lawrenz,1 J. M. Hardham,1,† R. T. Owens,2 J. Nowakowski,3 A. C. Steere,4 G. P. Wormser,3 and S. J. Norris1,*
Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
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Abstract / Abstrakti

Konekäännös

VlsE on 35 kDa:n pinnalle altistunut Borrelia burgdorferin lipoproteiini, jonka osoitettiin aiemmin läpikäyvän antigeenisen vaihtelun hiljaisten vls-kasettien segmenttirekombinaation kautta vlsE:n kanssa kokeellisten hiiriinfektioiden aikana. Aiemmat tiedot olivat osoittaneet, että Pohjois-Amerikan Lymen tautipotilaiden ja kokeellisesti infektoituneiden eläinten seerumit sisälsivät vasta-aineita, jotka reagoivat VlsE:n kanssa. Tässä tutkimuksessa Lymen tautia, kuppaa ja autoimmuunisairauksia sairastavien potilaiden seerumit sekä terveiltä kontrolleilta tutkittiin reaktiivisuus VlsE:n kanssa Western blot -menetelmällä ja entsyymi-immunosorbenttimäärityksellä (ELISA). Vahva Western blot -reaktiivisuus rekombinantti-VlsE-kasettialueen proteiinille saatiin johdonmukaisesti Lymen taudin seerumien kanssa. Vaikka Lymen tautia sairastavien potilaiden seerumit reagoivat myös VlsE:tä vastaavan vyöhykkeen kanssa B. burgdorferi B31-5A3:ssa, tulkintaa vaikeutti VlsE-ilmentymisen alhainen taso in vitro -viljeltyssä B. burgdorferissa ja liikkuvien vyöhykkeiden läsnäolo. ELISAa, jossa käytettiin rekombinantti-VlsE:tä, verrattiin ELISAan käyttämällä antigeeninä äänihajotettua B. burgdorferi -bakteeria. Yhteensä 93 tutkitulle Lymen tautia sairastavan potilaan seerumille VlsE ELISA tuotti 63 % herkkyydet viljelmällä varmistetuille erythema migrans -tapauksille ja 92 % myöhemmille vaiheille verrattuna 61 ja 98 %:iin "kokosoluissa". ELISA. Kahden määrityksen spesifisyydet terveiden verenluovuttajien seerumeilla olivat vertailukelpoisia, mutta VlsE ELISA oli 90 % spesifinen kuppapotilaiden seerumeille verrattuna 20 %:n spesifisyyteen tämän ryhmän kokosolu-ELISAssa. Kumpikaan määritys ei osoittanut reaktiivisuutta seerumipaneelin kanssa, joka oli peräisin 20 ei-Lymen tautia sairastavalta niveltulehduspotilaalta tai 20 systeemistä lupus erythematosus -potilasta. Tuloksemme osoittavat, että VlsE voi olla käyttökelpoinen Lymen taudin immunodiagnosissa ja voi tarjota suuremman spesifisyyden kuin ELISA-testit, joissa käytetään koko B. burgdorferi -bakteeria antigeeninä.

VlsE is a 35-kDa surface-exposed lipoprotein of Borrelia burgdorferi that was shown previously to undergo antigenic variation through segmental recombination of silent vls cassettes with vlsE during experimental mouse infections. Previous data had indicated that sera from North American Lyme disease patients and experimentally infected animals contained antibodies reactive with VlsE. In this study, sera from patients with Lyme disease, syphilis, and autoimmune conditions as well as from healthy controls were examined for reactivity with VlsE by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Strong Western blot reactivity to a recombinant VlsE cassette region protein was obtained consistently with Lyme disease sera. Although sera from Lyme disease patients also reacted with a band corresponding to VlsE in B. burgdorferi B31-5A3, interpretation was complicated by low levels of VlsE expression in in vitro-cultured B. burgdorferi and by the presence of comigrating bands. An ELISA using recombinant VlsE was compared with an ELISA using sonically disrupted B. burgdorferi as the antigen. For a total of 93 Lyme disease patient sera examined, the VlsE ELISA yielded sensitivities of 63% for culture-confirmed erythema migrans cases and 92% for later stages, as compared to 61 and 98%, respectively, for the “whole-cell” ELISA. The specificities of the two assays with healthy blood donor sera were comparable, but the VlsE ELISA was 90% specific with sera from syphilis patients, compared to 20% specificity for the whole-cell ELISA with this group. Neither assay showed reactivity with a panel of sera from 20 non-Lyme disease arthritis patients or 20 systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Our results indicate that VlsE may be useful in the immunodiagnosis of Lyme disease and may offer greater specificity than ELISAs using whole B. burgdorferi as the antigen.

------------------------------------------------------
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183344/

Clin Immunol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 October 1.
Published in final edited form as:
Clin Immunol. 2011 October; 141(1): 103–110.
Published online 2011 July 2. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.06.005

PMCID: PMC3183344
NIHMSID: NIHMS310465
Epitope Mapping of Antibodies to VlsE Protein of Borrelia burgdorferi in Post-Lyme Disease Syndrome

Abhishek Chandra,a Norman Latov,a Gary P. Wormser,b Adriana R. Marques,c and Armin Alaedinia,*†

Abstract

The VlsE lipoprotein of Borrelia burgdorferi elicits a strong immune response during the course of Lyme disease. The present study was aimed at characterization of the epitopes of VlsE targeted by the antibody response in patients with post-Lyme disease syndrome, a condition characterized by persisting symptoms of pain, fatigue, and/or neurocognitive impairment despite antibiotic treatment of B. burgdorferi infection. Epitope mapping was carried out using microarrays that contained synthesized overlapping peptides covering the full sequence of VlsE from B. burgdorferi B31. In addition to the previously characterized IR6 region in the variable domain, specific sequences in the N- and C-terminal invariable domains of VlsE were found to be major B cell epitopes in affected patients. The crystal structure of VlsE indicated that the newly described epitopes form a contiguous region in the surface-exposed membrane-proximal part of the monomeric form of the protein.
Keywords: Lyme disease, post-Lyme disease syndrome, chronic Lyme disease, VlsE, epitope mapping, antibody



. RESULTS
3.1. Determination of seropositivity

All selected serum samples from PLDS patients and fully recovered post-Lyme healthy individuals were positive by IgG whole-cell ELISA, while none of the sera from the non-Lyme healthy control group was positive. 47 of 54 (87%) ELISA-positive PLDS subjects, 11 of 14 (79%) ELISA-positive post-Lyme healthy subjects, and none of the non-Lyme healthy subjects were found to be IgG seropositive for anti-borrelia antibodies by WB according to the CDC criteria.
3.2. Antibody response to VlsE protein of B. burgdorferi

3.2.1. Detection of antibodies to recombinant VlsE

45 of 54 (83%) whole-cell ELISA-positive PLDS subjects, 9 of 14 (64%) whole-cell ELISA-positive post-Lyme healthy subjects, and none of the non-Lyme healthy subjects were positive for IgG antibodies to recombinant VlsE.

3.2.2. C6 ELISA

Of the 54 whole-cell ELISA-seropositive PLDS serum specimens, 47 (87%) were positive (n=43) or equivocal positive (n=4) for antibody to the C6 peptide of the borrelial VlsE protein. In comparison, 9 of 14 (64%) whole-cell ELISA-seropositive post-Lyme healthy serum specimens were positive (n=9) or equivocal positive (n=0) for C6 antibody. None of the sera from the non-Lyme healthy control group was positive. The mean C6 antibody index value for the PLDS, post-Lyme healthy, and non-Lyme healthy groups were 3.91 ± 0.36 (SEM), 2.99 ± 0.71 (SEM), and 0.18 ± 0.01 (SEM), respectively.

3.2.3. Peptide microarray

Epitope mapping of the anti-VlsE antibody response in a randomly selected group of PLDS and post-Lyme healthy subjects (all were positive for anti-VlsE antibodies by immunoblotting) identified 14 individual VlsE peptides, comprising 6 unique contiguous amino acid sequences (Fig. 1B). Binding to these peptides (as quantified by the normalized fluorescence signal to noise ratio) for the PLDS and/or post-Lyme healthy serum antibodies was significantly higher than in the non-Lyme healthy control group (p<0.05) (Fig. 1C, Fig. 2). Figure 2 shows the level (Fig. 2A) and frequency of positivity (Fig. 2B) for antibodies to each of the 14 peptides in patient and control groups. Among these peptides were those that form the previously identified IR6 epitope of VlsE (VlsE271–291), which is utilized in the C6 assay. Among the 14 identified peptides, reactivity to 5 peptides covering 3 separate contiguous sequences of amino acids, including VlsE21 through VlsE31 (SQVADKDDPTNKFYQSVIQLGNGF), VlsE96 (SDISSTTGKPDSTG), and VlsE336 (LRKVGDSVKAASKE) was significantly higher in the PLDS group than in the post-Lyme healthy group.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Epitope mapping of VlsE
Figure 2
Figure 2
Level and frequency of antibody reactivity to differentially targeted peptides of VlsE, as determined by peptide microarray epitope mapping

3.2.4. ELISA for antibodies to differentially targeted VlsE epitopes

An ELISA protocol was developed to assess the reactivity of antibodies to the above three specific differentially targeted peptides of VlsE in all available specimens. By ELISA, the level of antibody reactivity to VlsE21–31 and VlsE336 (as measured by mean normalized absorbance) was significantly higher in the PLDS group than in the post-Lyme healthy and non-Lyme healthy groups (p<0.001) (Fig. 3). However, the difference in antibody reactivity towards VlsE96 did not reach statistical significance with the ELISA system. Similarly, the frequencies of antibody reactivity towards VlsE21–31 and VlsE336 were significantly greater in the PLDS group (30 of 54, 56%; 21 of 54, 39%, respectively) than the post-Lyme healthy (2 of 14, 14%; 1 of 14, 7%, respectively) (p<0.05 for VlsE21–31 and p<0.01 for VlsE336) and the non-Lyme healthy (0% for both peptides) (p<0.001) groups. When combining the samples that were positive for antibodies to either VlsE21–31 or VlsE336, the frequency of positivity was 65% (35 of 54) for the PLDS group versus 21% (3 of 14) for the post-Lyme healthy group (p<0.05) and 0% in the non-Lyme healthy group (p<0.0001).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean levels of antibodies to differentially targeted VlsE epitopes, as measured by ELISA

The amino acid sequence and 3-dimensional crystal structure of VlsE indicated that the newly identified epitopes are located in the two invariable domains of VlsE, appearing to form a single contiguous area in the surface-exposed membrane-proximal region of the monomeric form of the protein (Figs. 1B, ​,44).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Spatial position of epitopes of VlsE for which a differential antibody response is found in the PLDS patient group
Go to:
4. DISCUSSION

The VlsE protein of B. burgdorferi has emerged as a highly useful diagnostic entity in WB- and ELISA-format assays for active Lyme disease. It is used either as a whole recombinant protein or as a peptide representing its immunodominant epitope located in the IR6 region. While several studies have examined the immune response to VlsE in the course of acute B. burgdorferi infection, no systematic characterization of the targeted epitopes of the protein in the antibody response of PLDS patients has been attempted previously. In order to analyze the anti-VlsE immune response in PLDS, we carried out a detailed epitope mapping of the entire sequence of the VlsE protein of B. burgdorferi B31. Our data show that in addition to the IR6 epitope in the variable domain, PLDS patients have a strong antibody response to specific sequences in the N- and C-terminal invariable domains of VlsE.

We found good concordance between antibody reactivity to the recombinant VlsE molecule (WB) and the IR6 epitope (C6 ELISA). The epitope mapping data demonstrated that the IR6 region is the primary linear epitope in the anti-VlsE antibody response in PLDS patients, as well as in post-Lyme healthy individuals. Interestingly, earlier work had shown a lack of significant antibody reactivity in humans and non-human primates against constituent peptides of the IR6 epitope derived from the amino acid sequence of VlsE from the IP90 strain of B. garinii [25]. In contrast, our data indicate that patients with a history of Lyme disease express antibodies against the VlsE protein of the B. burgdorferi B31 strain that seem to recognize the IR6 region as multiple individual epitopes. The contradiction between our study and the earlier work may be attributed to differences in the amino acid sequences of the synthesized 14mer peptides.

In addition to the IR6 region, two additional sequences, covered by peptides VlsE21 through VlsE31 and by VlsE336 through VlsE343 were found to be major targets in the antibody response of PLDS patients. Specifically, antibodies to sequences covered by VlsE21 through VlsE31 and by VlsE336 were found at significantly lower level and frequency in the post-Lyme healthy group, which was also confirmed by ELISA. These two sequences are located at the N- and C-terminal ends in the invariable domains of VlsE. The 3-dimensional crystal structure of the protein indicates that the two sequences are spatially adjacent to one another, suggesting that they might form a single target region. In addition, they appear to be surface-exposed and located in the membrane-proximal part of the monomeric form of VlsE. Antibodies that bind to the membrane-proximal region of specific proteins in other organisms have been previously described, some of which exert neutralizing or lytic activity [26–28].

VlsE is a membrane protein with a high turnover rate and antigenic variation as a function of time [12]. The B cell memory immune response against specific epitopes in the invariable sections of the protein would be expected to become stronger the longer an infection is left untreated in an individual. Previous work from our group demonstrated increased antibody reactivity in PLDS patients towards borrelial proteins that are associated with later stages of Lyme disease [20]. The fact that PLDS patients in the current study exhibited significantly greater antibody response to VlsE21-31 and VlsE336 epitopes than the fully recovered individuals with a history of early localized or disseminated Lyme disease might indicate that antibodies to the membrane-proximal invariable domains of VlsE become more prominent in later phases of B. burgdorferi infection. Therefore, these antibodies may become useful in patient follow-up and for determination of the stage of active or antecedent infection in Lyme borreliosis and PLDS patients.

A limitation of this study is that it was focused on examining the antibody response to a single sequence variation of the VlsE molecule. It is therefore likely to have missed certain target epitopes in the protein's variable domain. However, in view of the rapid antigenic variation and sequence turnover in these regions, the associated antibody response is not expected to be significant. Nevertheless, follow-up work should consider such sequence variations of the protein, as well as sequence differences among the invariable regions of the various genospecies and strains of borrelia. Another issue to consider is that only seropositive PLDS patients were examined in this study. This was done in order to ensure that all samples had the minimal detectable anti-borrelia antibody response necessary for subsequent analyses. Therefore, our findings do not extend to the seronegative subset of individuals, which formed about 40% of affected PLDS patients in the original treatment study [9]. Future prospective analyses will help to determine whether the newly described antibodies could be useful in predicting the development of post-Lyme disease syndrome or in ascertaining if the treatment of early Lyme disease has been successful. Continuation of these studies, aimed at detailed examination of antigen and epitope specificity of the anti-borrelia immune response in PLDS, may lead to development of specific biomarkers for the condition and provide additional insights into its mode of pathogenesis and potential therapies.

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Su Touko 05, 2013 18:13

Maailmalla esim. USA:n IGENEX laboratorio jne. käyttävät Borrelia Elispot LTT ( Lymfosyyttien transformaatio) - testiä. Testin sanotaan olevan vasta-ainetestejä luotettavampi ja monikäyttöisempi. Amerikan Lääkevirasto (FDA) ja Tartuntatautivirasto (CDC) ovat hyväksyneet testin esim. tuberkuloosin testaamiseen jo v.2011. Testiä käytetään sen lisäksi mm Borreliabakteerin, Klamydian, Anaplasman (Ehrlichian, Yersinian ja Epstein Barr-viruksen toteamiseen.
Testin käyttöalue:
- Kroonisen Borrelioosin diagnostiikka
- Akuutin Borrelioosin diagnostiikka
- Hoidon keston arviointiin
- Hoitotulosten arviointiin

Testi havaitsee jopa yhden Borrelialle-reaktiiivisen T-solun näytteestä. Testi tulee yleensä negatiiviseksi 6-8 viikon kuluttua onnistuneesta hoidosta.


Borrelia Elispot-LTT (LymphocyteTransformationsTest)

Actual news:

The Elispot-LTT method has been approved by the FDA in May 2011 for M. tuberculosis (Not ITT or MELISA) !!!

The FDA argues in this paper:

"... A positive result (in the Elispot-LTT) suggests that an infection is likely, a negative result that an infection is unlikely..."

"... Results (of the Elispot-LTT) can be available within 24 hours (ITT or MELISA not)..."

A Borrelia infection does not only activate the humoral immune response, but also activates T-lymphocytes at the same time. Once Borrelia bacteria are not active anymore, the T-cellular immune response is not present.

It is not possible to test the treatment success by Borrelia antibodies, because the 'titer" or antibodies can be measured in the blood over years. Furthermore, Lyme infections in Stage I (e.g. 'bulls-eye rash' or 'summer flu') only show antibodies in the blood after weeks and sometimes do not show them at all.

The Borrelia Elispot-LTT eliminates these problems. The test reflects the actual, current Borrelia burgdorferi activity of chronic and also acute Lyme infections. The Elispot-LTT is highly sensitive and can detect even one single Borrelia-reactive T-cell in the blood. The Elispot-LTT is very helpful when monitoring a chronic or acute Lyme therapy. The Elispot-LTT should usually become negative about 6 to 8 weeks after completion of an effective therapy.

Borrelia burgdorferi Elispot-LTT:

Material: 2 x 8.5 ml CPDA-Tubes (Do not centrifuge, keep at room temperature, do not cool or keep in a cool storage place)

Analytical test duration: 2 Days (Important remark: The laboratory report needs about 1 week because of additional pre- and postanalytical laboratory processes)

Indication:

to diagnose chronic Lyme disease
to diagnose acute Lyme disease
to determine the duration of therapy
to monitor treatment results after a Lyme therapy


Infectolab offers beneath the Borrelia burgdorferi-Elispot-LTT following bacterial Elispot-LTT:

- Chlamydia pneumoniae-Elispot-LTT

- Chlamydia trachomatis-Elispot-LTT

- Ehrlichia/Anaplasma-Elispot-LTT

- Yersinia-Elispot-LTT

- Epstein Barr-Virus (EBV)-Elispot-LTT


Material: 1 x 8.5 ml CPDA-Tubes for each bacterial Elispot-LTT (Do not centrifuge, keep at room temperature, do not cool or keep in a cool storage place)

Analytical test duration: 2 Days (Important remark: The laboratory report needs about 1 week because of additional pre- and postanalytical laboratory processes)

Indication:

to diagnose active Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ehrlichia/Anaplasma, Yersinia, EBV infections
to determine the duration of therapies
to monitor treatment results therapies


Sensitivity, Specificity and diagnostic Quality of the Lymphocyte-Transformations-Tests

Based on the displayed literature, the following tables show the diagnostic quality and effectiveness of the LTT as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the LTT. (compare Tabel 1 and 2 - click on the tables to enlarge them).

Publication about the Borrelia Lymphocyte-Transformations-Test (LTT) in chronological order, evaluated by the author.

+ positive

(+) positive with constraints (+/-) skeptical

(-) negative

* These tests are not done by Infectolab.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://benthamscience.com/open/toneuj/a ... TONEUJ.pdf


The Open Neurology Journal, 2012,6,(Suppl 1-M 5)
104-112

The Lymphocyte Transformation Test for Borrelia Detects Active Lyme Borreliosis and Verifies Effective Antibiotic Treatment
Volker von Baehr, Cornelia Doebis, Hans-Dieter Volk, Rüdiger von Baehr

Institute for Medical Diagnostics, Immunology Department, Nicolaistrasse 22, 12247 Berlin
Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin

Abstract:
Borrelia-specific antibodies are not detectable until several weeks after infection and even if they are present,
they are no proof of an active infection. Since the sensitivity
of culture and PCR for the diagnosis or exclusion of borrelio-
sis is too low, a method is required that
detects an active Borrelia infection as early as possible. For this purpose, a lym-
phocyte transformation test (LTT) using lysate antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu
stricto, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii and recombinant OspC was developed and validated
through investigations of seronegative and seropositive
healthy individuals as well as of seropositive patients with clinically manifested
borreliosis. The sensitivity of the LTT in clinical borreliosis before antibiotic treatment was determined as 89,4% while the specificity was 98,7%. In 1480 patients
with clinically suspected borreliosis, results from serology
and LTT were comparable in 79.8% of cases. 18% were serologically positive and LTT-negative. These were mainly patients
with borreliosis after antibiotic therapy. 2.2% showed a
negative serology and a positive LTT result. Half of them had
an early erythema migrans. Following antibiotic treatment,
the LTT became negative or borderline in patients with early ma
nifestations of borreliosis, whereas in patients with late
symptoms, it showed a regression while still remaining positive. Therefore, we propose the follow-up monitoring of dis-
seminated Borrelia infections as the main indication for the Borrelia-LTT.
Keywords:
Borrelia serology, borreliosis, diagnostics, immune response, lymphocyte transformation test, T cells.

INTRODUCTION
Lyme borreliosis is the most common disease transmitted
by tick bite. Lyme borreliosis first manifests locally on the
skin at the site of the tick bite and then systemically, possibly
affecting one or more organs such as the skin, joints, mus-
cles, sense organs, nervous system and heart. In the latter
case, early (stage I and II) and late (stage III) manifestations
can be distinguished (1). Lyme borreliosis should be diag-
nosed by history and clinical
symptoms. If the clinical symp-
toms are clear, laboratory diag
nostics are of secondary im-
portance only. The difficulty is, however, that the tick bite
often goes unnoticed and the erythema migrans does not
necessarily occur or is not noticed. In these cases, the re-
quirement for early antibiotic treatment of borreliosis to pre-
vent the complications of systemic dissemination of the
pathogen, particularly of late borreliosis, cannot be met.
The symptoms associated w
ith the systemic phase of
Lyme borreliosis can be highly varied and ambiguous. In
these cases, the detection of Borrelia-specific antibodies (se-
rological laboratory diagnosis) becomes important for the
diagnosis and treatment decisi
on. The necessarily high qual-
ity demands cannot yet be completely fulfilled by Borrelia
serology due to the following reasons: 1) Borrelia-specific
*Address correspondence to this author
at the Institut für Medizinische
Diagnostik Berlin, Nicolaistraße 22, 12247 Berlin, Germany;
Tel: +49-30-77001220; Fax: +49-30-77001236;
E-mail: v.baehr@imd-berlin.de
IgM antibodies, and IgG antibodies in particular, cannot be
detected until several weeks after infection [1, 2].Seronega-
tive cases with late stage Lyme borreliosis have also been
recently described [3]. But these are becoming more rare
with the increasing quality of the assays following the intro-
duction of recombinant Borrelia antigens. 2) The heterogene-
ity of Borrelia species and strains within a species requires a
polymorphism of the Borrelia-s
pecific protein antigens [4,
5]. This is a difficult problem for the sensitivity of Borrelia
serology. 3) IgM antibodies against Borrelia OspC may be of
the nonspecific type [4, 5]. 4) A positive serological finding
alone is not proof of a current active Borrelia infection [1, 4,
5]. 5) Borrelia serology is not suitable for the monitoring of
therapy and evaluation of progress as IgG and IgM antibod-
ies may persist for years after borreliosis has been cured [6].
The direct detection of Borrelia by culture or PCR has a
high diagnostic value in the case of a positive result, but a
negative result does not rule out Lyme borreliosis [4, 5].
There is currently no method available which, in addition
to the serology, answers the question as to whether a specific
case is a status post Borrelia in
fection or active borreliosis.
Each humoral immune response to an infection requires a
specific cellular immune response with clonal proliferation
of various antigen-specific lymphocyte subpopulations. Of
central importance here are an
tigen-specific T helper lym-
phocytes (CD4
+
T
H
cells). In addition to effector T cells,
long-lived T and B memory lymphocytes are formed. In the
presence of antigen-presenting cells and protein antigens,

Lymphocyte Transformation Test for Borreliosis
The
Open Neurology Journal, 2012, Volume 6
105
specific CD4
+
T memory cells also proliferate
in vitro
. The
lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), also known as the
lymphocyte proliferation or lymphocyte activation test, is
based on this principle [7]. Shortly after the discovery of B.
burgdorferi, it was demonstrated that blood lymphocytes
from Lyme borreliosis patients proliferate in the presence of
Borrelia lysates [8, 9]. Published data on the diagnostic value
of the Borrelia-LTT, especially
in seronegative patients, can
be found beginning in 1988 [10-17]. However, false positive
LTT reactions have also been
described [18-20]. Important
for the motivation of our investigations presented here were
observations that positive LTT
reactions of blood lympho-
cytes to Borrelia antigens declined significantly or were neg-
ative after antibiotic treatment of Lyme borreliosis [12, 14,
16, 21]. This leads to the hypothesis that Borrelia-specific T
helper cells circulate in the blood in detectable numbers only
during an active immune response against Borrelia and per-
sist in a non-florid infection in lymphoid organs.
Using improved cell culture and measurement techniques
as well as our own experience in the development of antigen-
specific LTT applications, we will seek to answer using re-
evaluation of patient data the following questions:
1.
Is there a correlation between the results of Borrelia
serology and Borrelia-LTT?
2.
What are the Borrelia-LTT resu
lts in clinically healthy
seropositive subjects?
3.
Is it possible to obtain an indication of the respective
species involved from the L
TT reactions to antigens of
the three Borrelia species?
4.
Are Borrelia-LTT results influenced by antibiotic treat-
ment?
5.
How high are the sensitivity and specificity of the Bor-
relia-LTT?

In summary, the following conclusions can be made for
the use of the Borrelia-LTT:
1. Except for early manifestations of borreliosis (2 to 6
weeks after infection), the det
ection of Borrelia-specific an-
tibodies to confirm the clinical diagnosis of borreliosis is
Lymphocyte Transformation Test for Borreliosis
The
Open Neurology Journal, 2012, Volume 6
111
o
ften sufficient. Only in the cas
e of an unclear clinical pic-
ture of borreliosis coupled with negative or borderline serol-
ogy the Borrelia-LTT can be bene
ficial in order to make a
decision regarding the indication for antibiotic treatment
since it also exhibits a clear positive reaction in the case of
early manifestations.
2. In the case of infections in the more remote past with an
ambiguous clinical picture and positive Borrelia serology,
the Borrelia-LTT provides an important indication as wheth-
er an active Borrelia infection could exist. The Borrelia se-
rology is not suitable in this case, and the direct pathogen
detection methods (PCR or culture) are also not sufficient for
answering this question due to their low sensitivity. It must
be noted, however, that it is not only the results of the Borre-
lia-LTT that are important for
the indication for antibiotic
treatment, but also the medical
history and the current clini-
cal picture.
3. It has been shown that the Borrelia-LTT can be used to
evaluate the success of antibiotic treatment, although the
clinical course is also particularly important. However, the
symptoms of disseminated borreliosis may persist after suc-
cessful treatment for some time, however. An LTT follow-up
examination is reasonable, at
the earliest, 4 to 6 weeks after
the completion of therapy. This interval is necessary be-
cause, on the one hand, possibly surviving Borrelia can be-
come active during this time and, on the other hand, Borre-
lia-specific T cells persist in the blood for some time after
elimination of the antigens. The Borrelia-LTT should not be
performed during antibiotic ther
apy because, in our experi-
ence, the result will be negative, but soon after discontinua-
tion of treatment, it may again become positive.

Criticism is often based on
the frequency of false-
positive results of the Borrelia
-LTT (5). This problem con-
tinues to exist unless there is su
fficient testing of the antigen
specificity of the Borrelia-LTT.
In the case of frequently
false positive reactions, the dose
of the test antigens is too
high. Currently, since there is no available gold standard for
the laboratory diagnosis of borreliosis or its exclusion, the
Borrelia-LTT can only be validat
ed according to clinical and
serological findings. Nevertheless, there are still gaps in the
validation that we conducted. For instance, it was only pos-
sible in individual cases to examine patients with active
syphilis (n = 3) or leptospirosis infection (n = 2) for potential
cross reactivity. In these few cas
es, there was no evidence of
such cross-reactivity in the Bo
rrelia-LTT. Allergies, auto-
immune diseases and acute, persistent and latent viral infec-
tions (including HIV, EBV, CMV, VZV) have now been
excluded, by further investigations, as a possible cause of
false-positive reactions (unpublished data).
The Borrelia-LTT cannot pr
ovide any information on
whether a patient has ever had a Borrelia infection. This
question is largely answered only by serology. Our studies
presented here and the results of other authors [12, 14, 16,
21], particularly the work of Valentine-Thon
et al.
on LTT-
MELISA [31], provide good arguments that the positive Bor-
relia-LTT indicates an active
borreliosis which, however,
could only be definitely proven in conjunction with positive
detection of Borrelia. However, we succeeded in doing so in
only 3 seronegative patients with erythema migrans using
positive Borrelia-PCR in the blood (unpublished data).
The
in vitro
antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation is
the approved cellular immunological method for detecting
antigen-specific memory T helper cells. In addition and prior
to clonal lymphocyte proliferation, however, a series of im-
munologically relevant genes
for both cell surface markers
and especially cytokines such as interleukin-2 and interferon-
γ
are activated, which in turn are used as the basis for newer
cellular immunological laboratory methods. An example is
the QuantiFERON test (interferon-
γ
stimulation) performed
to detect a Mycobacter tuberculosis infection [32]. However,
a distinction between a latent and florid infection is not pos-
sible with this test, however.
Currently, the ELISPOT test
(quantitative determination of
cytokine-producing lympho-
cytes) is used in vaccine research in particular, and is also
being tested in patients with a Borrelia infection. According
to the previously published results by Forsberg
et al.
and our
own experiences, even though seropositive individuals are
detected by the ELISPOT assay, a differentiation between
symptomatic and asymptomatic Borrelia infections was not
possible [33-35]. The advantag
e of antigen-specific cyto-
kine-stimulation assays would be that, while 6 days are re-
quired for an antigen-specific
LTT test, the incubation period
for the cytokine assay is only about 24 hours. It should be
not
ed, however, that the biology on which these cellular im-
munological test systems are based is very different. While
in the LTT setting T helper memo
ry cells are clearly identi-
fied as cytokine producers, also other lymphocyte subpopu-
lations like NK cells, and (depending on the cytokine) also
monocytes are being taken into consideration as cytokine
producers. However, cellular short-term stimulation methods
are rather sensitive to nonspecific activations, while, in the
LTT such influences dominate only during the first 48 to 72
hours, and thus have virtually disappeared after 6 days at the
time the cellular proliferation is
measured. For the particular
issue of florid or non-active Borrelia infection, the situation
is even more difficult since there is usually no gold standard
available (i.e., patients with positive detection of live Borre-
lia). In this difficult situation, a new method should always
be validated in comparison with an extensively proven
method. The aim of our investigations were therefore to
evaluate the results previously obtained with an optimized
Borrelia-LTT in order to prov
ide a basis for necessary com-
parative prospective studies with cellular immunological
methods based on antigen-specific gene activation or cyto-
kine stimulation. In our opinion, the Borrelia-LTT presented
here fulfills the associated requirements.
Finally, it should be emphasi
zed again that the primacy
for the diagnosis of borreliosis remains with the medical
history and clinical symptoms. In second place is the deter-
mination of Borrelia-specific antibodies in the blood or cere-
bral synovial fluid. With the Borrelia-LTT another diagnos-
tic tool is available that can help to clarify issues for the in-
dication of antibiotic treatment
. The Borrelia-LTT is particu-
larly important, however, for assessing the effects of therapy
if the initial findings are positive, as they should prove nega-
tive four weeks after the end of
therapy, or at least should
prove to have declined significantly

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Su Touko 05, 2013 19:36

Parannuksia Lymen taudin laboratoriodiagnostiikkaan

julkaistu 20.12.2002/Väitöskirjat

Lymen tauti (borrelioosi) on yleinen punkin levittämä infektio Euroopassa. Taudin määritys edellyttää yleensä myös laboratoriodiagnostisia menetelmiä. Kuitenkin rutiinikäytössä olevilla vasta-ainemäärityksilläkin on puutteita. Taudin alkuvaiheessa testit ovat usein negatiiviset ja vääriä positiivisia tuloksia voi liittyä mm. virusinfektioihin, reumaan ja kuppaan. Kohonneet vasta-ainetasot voivat säilyä veressä vuosia onnistuneenkin hoidon jälkeen, jolloin hoitotuloksen osoitus laboratoriomenetelmin on hankalaa. Lisäksi noin 5 prosentilla potilaista eivät vasta-ainetasot nouse lainkaan. Väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena oli parantaa Lymen taudin laboratoriodiagnostiikan herkkyyttä ja osuvuutta uusia rekombinantti- ja peptidiantigeenejä hyödyntämällä. Tämän lisäksi hoitotuloksen arvioimiseksi ja taudin aktiviteetin markkerin löytämiseksi verrattiin vasta-aineiden puoliintumisaikoja hoidon jälkeen tavanomaisia flagellaa ja kokosoluvalmistetta antigeeneinä käyttäen.

Tutkimuksessa käytettiin Borrelian viljelyä ja eristystä, polymeraasiketju-menetelmää, geenien kloonausta ja sekvensointia sekä rekombinanttiproteiineihin liittyviä puhdistus- ja biotinylaatiomenetelmiä. Tuotettuja rekombinantti- ja peptidiantigeenejä käytettiin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)- ja Western blotting (WB)- menetelmissä vasta-aineiden osoittamiseksi.

Jokaisesta kolmesta Euroopassa esiintyvästä Borrelian alalajista (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii ja B. garinii) tuotettiin rekombinanttiproteiinit flagellin A (FlaA) ja ulkomembraaniproteiini C (OspC). FlaA:n aminohapposekvenssit olivat 95 prosenttisesti identtisiä, kun taas OspC oli heterogeenisempi (57-73% identtisyys). Neuroborrelioosin (71-74%) ja artriitin (86-79%) IgG serodiagnostiikassa (WB tai ELISA) FlaA osoittautui herkäksi antigeeniksi. IgM serologiassa FlaA:n käyttöä rajoittavat alhainen herkkyys Lymen taudin alkuvaiheessa ja risti-reagoivat vasta-aineet verrokkiaineistossa. Biotinyloitu rekombinantti OspC toimi IgM ELISA:lla paremmin taudin alkuvaiheessa, IgG ELISA taas paremmin taudin myöhäisvaiheessa. IgM serologiassa Epstein Barr –virusinfektioiden yhteydessä esiintyvää risti-reagointia kyettiin vähentämään käyttämällä tiosyanaattia seerumin laimennuspuskurissa. Sekä FlaA:n että OspC:n kohdalla B. afzelii- ja B. gariniiperäinen proteiini osoittautuivat immunoreaktiivisemmiksi kuin B. burgdorferi sensu strictosta saatu proteiini.

Kolmea variantti rekombinantti antigeeniä proteiineista DbpA (decorin-binding protein A), BBK32 ja OspC sekä IR6 peptidiä sovellettiin 89 neuroborrelioosia sairastavan potilaan selkäydinneste- ja seeruminäytteiden tutkimiseen. Näiden uusien antigeenien käyttäytymistä ELISA-metodissa verrattiin kaupalliseen flagella antigeeniin. Uudet antigeenit lisäsivät diagnostista herkkyyttä sekä selkäydinnesteen että seerumin osalta. Kuitenkin selkäydinnesteessä erottelukyky potilaiden ja kontrollinäytteiden välillä toimi paremmin. Tulokset viittaavat myös siihen, että vasta-aineet BBK32 proteiinia kohtaan voisivat toimia akuutin taudin markkerina.

Väitöskirjatyössä tutkittiin myös 68 myöhäisborrelioosia sairastavan potilaan seurantanäytteitä hoidon jälkeen ja todettiin, että flagella IgG vasta-ainetasojen (erityisesti IgG1) puoliintumisaika kliinisesti onnistuneen hoidon jälkeen oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi lyhyempi kuin kokosoluvalmisteen puoliintumisaika.

Uusien rekombinantti- ja peptidiantigeenien käyttö yksin tai erityisesti rinnakkain lisää Lymen taudin laboratoriodiagnostiikan herkkyyttä ja osuvuutta. Euroopassa käytettäviin testeihin tarvitaan rekombinanttiproteiinit jokaisesta kolmesta Borrelian alalajista tai vähintään B. afzelii- ja B. garinii-peräiset proteiinit, jotta testin kattavuus olisi riittävä. Flagella IgG vasta-aineiden nopeaa laskua voidaan hyödyntää hoidon tehokkuuden mittarina Lymen taudissa.

Jaana Paneliuksen väitöskirja ”New recombinant and conventional antigens in the laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis” tarkastettiin Helsingin yliopistossa 20.12. 2002

http://www.terveyskirjasto.fi/terveyspo ... _hakusana=

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » To Elo 15, 2013 10:22

Uusi testi neuroborrelioosin diagnostiikkaan 1.7.2013 alkaen.

Li-CXCL13 (13361)


Testi perustuu selkäydinnesteestä (likvorista) tehtyyn näytteeseen. CXCL13 on ns kemokiini jota tuottavat neuroborrelioosin yhteydessä keskushermoston immuunipuolustuksen solut. CXCL13 houkuttelee keskushermostoon B-lymfosyyttejä jotka tuottavat likvoritilaan borreliaspesifisiä vasta-aineita.

Testin luotettavuus?
Vasta-aineiden merkittävää nousua on tavattu esim. neurosyfiliksen, keskushermostolymfooman ja joidenkin aivokalvontuehduusten (Cryptococcus neoformans) yhteydessä. Virusinfektioissa ja MS-taudissa tapahtuu lievää nousua.

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ke Syys 18, 2013 15:51

Tri A.McDonaldin mukaan (2013) Bb:n kystamuodot on mahdollista nähdä suoraan verinäytteistä. Piilossa (silmät, aivot jne) olevia Bb bakteereita ei löydetä ennenkuin näytteet otetaan kuoleman jälkeen kudoksista. Niitä ei löydetä millään nykyisellä testillä.

1. is there eve a circulating cystic borrelia form i human blood? answer: Yes - I can send to you a 200 slide lecture on Borrelia Cystic forms
if you wish to see it. It is also freely availabe on my website
www.alzheimerborreliosis.net
2. Can cysts of borrelia be demonstrated in direct analysis of human blood? answer --Yes --
see link to Round body (Cystic borrelia lecture-200 slides) - - DR Morten-Laane
3. Is the content of Cystic borrelia equal to the DNA content of spiral borrelia? answer --yes
4. Is a culture negative result ( of blood ) the end of the story as far as the possibility that cystic forms
might be present in tissue sites outside of blood? answer -- Negative in blood does not exclude the existence of cystic
forms elsewhere.
5. Does any lab testing method reflect the Status of :SANCTUARY SITES [ BRAIN,EYE,GONAD,FASCIA ETC] ?? Answer -- No Lab test other than the AUTOPSY
Is informative about the status of SANCTUARY SITES in the human body for the possible presence of any of the forms of borrelia
( Spiral, Straightened, Cystic,Granular, Cell Wall deficient, Biofilm communities,Liposomal forms of Borrelia)

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Pe Syys 20, 2013 19:45

Neuroborrelioosi vaikka selkäydinnestenäyte negatiivinen. (2013)



Medicina (Kaunas). 2013;49(2):89-94.

Delayed diagnosis of lyme neuroborreliosis presenting with abducens neuropathy without intrathecal synthesis of borrelia antibodies.

Radzišauskienė D, Ambrozaitis A, Marciuškienė E.

Source

Department of Infectious, Chest Diseases, Dermatovenerology and Allergology, Vilnius University, Birutės 1, 08117 Vilnius, Lithuania. daiva730jvg@gmail.com.

Abstract

Lyme borreliosis is the most common tick-born infection in Europe. Global climate change expanding the range of tick vectors and an increase in the incidence suggest that this disease will remain an important health issue in the forthcoming decades. Lyme borreliosis is a multisystem organ disorder affecting the nervous system in 10% to 15% of cases. Lyme neuroborreliosis can present with any disorder of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neuro-ophthalmological manifestations are a rare feature of the disease. The intrathecal synthesis of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies is of diagnostic importance, but in rare cases, immunoglobulins against the Borrelia burgdorferi antigen may not be detected.
We report a case of possible Lyme neuroborreliosis presenting with sixth cranial nerve neuropathy at the onset of the disease further developing into typical meningoradiculitis and multiple mononeuropathy. Surprisingly, Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies were not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID:
23888345
[PubMed - in process]

Free full text

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ti Marras 19, 2013 11:57

Immuunipuolustuksen kyky tunnistaa borreliabakteeri riippuu mm tiettyjen reseptoreiden, kuten TLR, tunnistamisesta.

Nykyään tunnetaan kymmenen erilaista ihmisen Tollin kaltaista reseptoria (TLR). Ne välittävät sytokiinien vapautumisen ja T-solujen aktivoitumisen. Jokainen TLR
tunnistaa erilaisen kirjon mikrobien pintarakenteita. Esimerkiksi TLR4 tunnistaa gramnegatiivisten bakteereiden lipopolysakkaridin (LPS),
TLR2 grampositiivisten bakteereiden lipoteikkohapon...

http://www.terveyskirjasto.fi/xmedia/duo/duo94134.pdf



PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25998. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025998. Epub 2011 Oct 5.

TLR1/TLR2 heterodimers play an important role in the recognition of Borrelia spirochetes


http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998742

Oosting M, Ter Hofstede H, Sturm P, Adema GJ, Kullberg BJ, van der Meer JW, Netea MG, Joosten LA.

Source


Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Abstract

After infection with Borrelia species, the risk for developing Lyme disease varies significantly between individuals. Recognition of Borrelia by the immune system is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as TLRs. While TLR2 is the main recognition receptor for Borrelia spp., little is known about the role of TLR1 and TLR6, which both can form functionally active heterodimers with TLR2.

Here we investigated the recognition of Borrelia by both murine and human TLR1 and TLR6. Peritoneal macrophages from TLR1- and TLR6- gene deficient mice were isolated and exposed to Borrelia. Human PBMCs were stimulated with Borrelia with or without specific TLR1 and TLR6 blocking using specific antibodies. Finally, the functional consequences of TLR polymorphisms on Borrelia-induced cytokine production were assessed. Splenocytes isolated from both TLR1-/- and TLR6-/- mice displayed a distorted Th1/Th2 cytokine balance after stimulation with B.burgdorferi, while no differences in pro-inflammatory cytokine production were observed. In contrast, blockade of TLR1 with specific neutralizing antibodies led to decreased cytokine production by human PBMCs after exposure to B.burgdorferi. Blockade of human TLR6 did not lead to suppression of cytokine production. When PBMCs from healthy individuals bearing polymorphisms in TLR1 were exposed to B.burgdorferi, a remarkably decreased in vitro cytokine production was observed in comparison to wild-type controls. TLR6 polymorphisms lead to a minor modified cytokine production.

This study indicates a dominant role for TLR1/TLR2 heterodimers in the induction of the early inflammatory response by Borrelia spirochetes in humans.


PMID:
21998742
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
PMCID:
PMC3187844

Free PMC Article

thr0922
Viestit:51
Liittynyt:Ma Heinä 18, 2011 18:49
Paikkakunta:Helsinki

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja thr0922 » Su Joulu 01, 2013 21:21

Understanding the EIA (ELISA)Test

http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/diagnosistestin ... oStep/EIA/

CDC:n sivuilta käy ilmi, että ELISA:n testin ykistyiskohdat ja sen mikä määrittelee positiivisen tuloksen päätettiin 1994! Eikä niitä ole muutettu sen jälkeen.

...For this reason, doctors want to verify any "positive" or “equivocal” (indeterminate) EIA results by performing an immunoblot test such as a Western blot. The Western blot or other FDA-approved type of immunoblot can help distinguish patients who have Lyme disease from those with other conditions.
...

New tests may be developed as alternatives to one or both steps of the two-step process. Before CDC will recommend new tests, their performance must be demonstrated to be equal to or better than the results of the two-test procedure. For more details, see Recommendations for Test Performance and Interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease.

Notice to Readers Recommendations for Test Performance and Interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease

The Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors, CDC, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, and the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards cosponsored the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease held October 27-29, 1994. Conference recommendations were grouped into four categories: 1) serologic test performance and interpretation, 2) quality-assurance practices, 3) new test evaluation and clearance, and 4) communication of developments in Lyme disease (LD) testing. This report presents recommendations for serologic test performance and interpretation, which included substantial changes in the recommended tests and their interpretation for the serodiagnosis of LD.

A two-test approach for active disease and for previous infection using a sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or immunofluorescent assay (IFA) followed by a Western immunoblot was the algorithm of choice. All specimens positive or equivocal by a sensitive EIA or IFA should be tested by a standardized Western immunoblot. Specimens negative by a sensitive EIA or IFA need not be tested further. When Western immunoblot is used during the first 4 weeks of disease onset (early LD), both immuno- globulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) procedures should be performed. A positive IgM test result alone is not recommended for use in determining active disease in persons with illness greater than 1 month's duration because the likelihood of a false-positive test result for a current infection is high for these persons. If a patient with suspected early LD has a negative serology, serologic evidence of infection is best obtained by testing of paired acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples. Serum samples from persons with disseminated or late-stage LD almost always have a strong IgG response to Borrelia burgdorferi antigens.

It was recommended that an IgM immunoblot be considered positive if two of the following three bands are present: 24 kDa (OspC) * , 39 kDa (BmpA), and 41 kDa (Fla) (1). It was further recommended that an that IgG immunoblot be considered positive if five of the following 10 bands are present: 18 kDa, 21 kDa (OspC) *, 28 kDa, 30 kDa, 39 kDa (BmpA), 41 kDa (Fla), 45 kDa, 58 kDa (not GroEL), 66 kDa, and 93 kDa (2).

The details of both plenary sessions and the work group deliberations are included in the publication of the proceedings, which is available from the Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors; telephone (202) 822-5227.

References

Engstrom SM, Shoop E, Johnson RC. Immunoblot interpretation criteria for serodiagnosis of early Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:419-22.

Dressler F, Whelan JA, Reinhart BN, Steere AC. Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of Lyme disease. J Infect Dis 1993;167:392-400.

The apparent molecular mass of OspC is dependent on the strain of B. burgdorferi being tested. The 24 kDa and 21 kDa proteins referred to are the same.

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Pe Joulu 20, 2013 10:08

Przegl Epidemiol. 2009;63(4):539-43.
[Evaluation of the usefulness cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein (MBP)
concentration examination in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis--preliminary
study]

[Article in Polish]

Kepa L.

Oddzial Chorob Zakaznych Slaskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Bytomiu, przy
Klinice Chorob Pluc i Gruzlicy Slaskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Zabrzu.

The aim of the study was evaluation of usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
myelin basic protein (MBP) level examination in diagnostics of Lyme
neuroborreliosis. The study was performed in 24 subjects. In all individuals CSF
MBP concentration was estimated on the 1st day of hospitalization. In patients
with depressive and cognitive impairments, proved in neuropsychological tests
(group I), mean CSF MBP concentration was 3.1 ng/mL, whereas in subjects without
abnormalities in tests (group II), respectively, 1.2 ng/mL.
The difference of mean CSF MBP levels was statistically significant (p<0.01).
The obtained results indicate usefulness of this CSF parameter, besides neuropsychological tests, in objective evaluation of clinical state in patients with chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis.

Publication Types:
English Abstract

http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/e ... md=prlinks
PMID: 20120953 [PubMed - in process]

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Pe Joulu 20, 2013 11:16

Slovakia 2010.
32 potilasta. Kaikilla ELISA negatiiivinen mutta Western blot positiivinen. Kaikilta kroonisia oireita sairastavista tulee ottaa Wb vaikka ELISA on olut negatiivinen. Negatiivinen vasta-ainetulos on tutkijoiden mukaan todennäköisesti immuunipuutoksesta johtuvaa.

Suom. huom. Suomessa tehdään ensin vain ELISA. Mikäli se on negatiivinen jatkotutkimusta ei tehdä.
Useimmilla Suomessa negatiivisen testituloksen saaneista, Saksan testit ovat olleet positiiviset ja sen lisäksi immuunipuolustuksesta kertova CD 57 erittäin alhainen.


Bratisl Lek Listy. 2010;111(3):153-5.

Our experience with examination of antibodies against antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with suspected lyme disease.
Durovska J, Bazovska S, Ondrisova M, Pancak J.

1st Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia. durovska@borelioza.sk

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lyme borreliosis is a multisystemic disease which affects several organs such as skin, nervous system, joints and the heart. The presented study focused on patients with persisting symptoms of the disease, which could be in correlation with Lyme disease but antiborrelial antibodies were not confirmed by screening tests.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: 32 patients with anamnestic data and suspected clinical signs of lyme borreliosis were tested for the presence of antiborrelia antibodies by using ELISA and westernblot analysis and the state of cellular and humoral immunity.

RESULTS: All patients had specific antiborrelial antibodies confirmed by using the westernblot in spite of negative ELISA.

Immunological investigations revealed a deficiency of cellular immunity in all patients and in a part of them (15.6%) a deficiency of humoral immunity was also found. The presence of different types of autoantibodies was detected in 17 (53.1%) patients.

CONCLUSION: In patients with persisting difficulties that could be associated with Lyme disease, it is necessary to use the westernblot test which could prove the presence of specific antibodies. It is probably due to the very low production of specific antibodies caused also by the status of immune deficiency detected in all our patients (Tab. 1, Ref. 11).

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ma Maalis 03, 2014 19:42

http://www.ebm-guidelines.com/xmedia/duo/duo70019.pdf


DIAGNOSTISIA ONGELMIA

Lymen borrelioosia on moninaisen oireistonsa
vuoksi nimitetty kupan jälkeen uudeksi »suu-
reksi matkijaksi». Tästä huolimatta Lymen
taudin diagnoosi on kliininen, ja anamneesi ja
laboratoriotestien tulokset useimmiten tukevat
sitä. Aiemmin tässä lehdessä on käsitelty paitsi
Suomen ensimmäisiä tapauksia (Kovanen ym.
1985, Marttila ja Panelius 1985), myös tautia
yleensä (Viljanen ja Lehtinen 1992, Wahlberg
1995) tai sen yksittäisiä ilmenemismuotoja (Kar-
ma ym. 1993, Peltomaa 1995). Infektion alku-
oire on usein erythema migrans (EM), päivien
tai viikkojen aikana punkinpuremakohdan ympä-
rille vähitellen leviävä rengasmainen tai homo-
geeninen punoitus (halkaisija usein yli 5 cm).
Veriteitse levitessään taudin korkkiruuvinmuotoi-
nen aiheuttajabakteeri Borrelia burgdorferi voi
myöhemmin aiheuttaa hermoston, nivelten, sy-
dämen, ihon tai silmän taholta tulevia oireita.
EM:n diagnoosi ja hoitopäätös tulee tehdä klii-
nisin perustein, koska tässä vaiheessa vasta-aine-
pitoisuus ei useinkaan vielä ole suurentunut mi-
tattavaksi.
Vaikka Lymen tauti on bakteeri-infektio, ovat
lasko ja C-reaktiivisen proteiinin pitoisuudet
useimmiten normaalit (Steere 1989). Poikkeuk-
sellisesti ne voivat kuitenkin kasvaa hyvinkin suu-
riksi. Kiertäviä immuunikomplekseja, lievästi
suurentuneita tumavasta-aine- ja aminotransfe-
raasiarvoja todetaan borrelioosipotilailla melko
usein. Tällaisista epäspesifisistä laboratoriotesteis-
tä ei kuitenkaan yleensä ole apua Lymen taudin
diagnostiikassa.
Vasta-ainemääritykset
Vasta-aineiden mittaus on ensisijainen labora-
toriokoe Lymen borrelioosia epäiltäessä. Vasta-
ainearvoja mitataan yleisimmin ELISA-menetel-
mällä. Tulosten ilmoitustavat ovat Suomessakin
eri laboratorioissa varsin erilaisia – osa ilmoittaa
tuloksen lukuna, osa puolikvantitatiivisesti mii-
nuksena tai plussina. Antigeenina ELISAssa voi-
daan käyttää joko koko borreliabakteeria, borre-
lian värekarvaa eli flagellaa, jotakin muuta bak-
teerin osaa, kuten ulkokalvoproteiineja, tai geeni-
Lymen taudin
laboratoriodiagnostiikka
Jarmo Oksi
Borrelioosi on kliininen diagnoosi, johon pääsemisessä anamneesi voi antaa huomattavaa
apua. Lukuun ottamatta erythema migransia, joka on Lymen taudille patognomoninen
varhaisvalhe, täytyy laboratoriokokeista saada kuitenkin vahvistus diagnoosille. Varmaan
diagnoosiin pääsy on usein vaikeaa ja edellyttää esimerkiksi neurologisen oireiston yhtey-
dessä useimmiten selkäydinnesteen tutkimista. Muiden syiden pois sulkeminen vaatii
kohtalaisen kattavia laboratorio- ja kuvantamistutkimuksia. Sen vuoksi Lymen tautia
epäiltäessä potilaat pitäisi varhaisvaihetta lukuun ottamatta kirjoittajan mielestä ohjata
sairaalan poliklinikan tutkimuksiin, jotta turhilta ja usein pitkiltä antibioottikuureilta
voitaisiin välttyä. Samasta syystä oireettomalta henkilöltä ei pitäisi tutkia borreliavasta-
aineita.
Duodecim
113:
69–73, 1997
70
J. Oksi
teknisesti tuotettuja antigeenejä. Borrelian flagel-
laa kohtaan alkaa infektion aikana muodostua
vasta-aineita ensimmäiseksi, minkä vuoksi väre-
karvaa antigeeninä käyttävät testit saattavat in-
fektion alussa olla herkempiä (Dressler ym.
1993). Infektion aikana vasta-aineita sitten muo-
dostuu myös monia muita bakteerin rakenteita
kohtaan ja esimerkiksi koko bakteeria antigeeni-
nä käyttävät testit ovat herkkiä. Toistaiseksi huo-
nosti tunnetun ongelman muodostavat Borrelia
burgdorferin eri alalajien (B. burgdorferi sensu
stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii) antigeeniset eroavai-
suudet ja niiden vaikutukset vasta-ainetestin
herkkyyteen (Magnarelli ym. 1994, Dressler ym.
1994).
Vasta-aineiden esiintyminen, laatu ja määrä
riippuvat infektion kestosta. Tavallisimmin IgM-
luokan vasta-aineet lisääntyvät noin 3–4 viikon
kuluessa puremasta, jos borreliatartunta on ta-
pahtunut. Maksimissaan IgM-luokan vasta-aine-
pitoisuus on usein noin kahden kuukauden ku-
luttua, minkä jälkeen arvo alkaa yleensä pienetä.
IgG-luokan vasta-ainearvot alkavat kasvaa kuu-
kauden kuluttua, ja voivat pysyä suurina vuosia
riippumatta siitä, onko potilas saanut hoidon vai
ei (Dressler ym. 1993, Magnarelli 1995). Toisi-
naan kuitenkin IgG-luokan vasta-aineiden lisään-
tyminen saattaa jäädä kokonaan tapahtumatta.
Tällöin voidaan todeta taudin myöhäisvaiheessa-
kin vain IgM-luokan vasta-aineita. IgM-luokan
vasta-aineisiin on käytännön työssä kuitenkin
suhtauduttava varauksellisemmin kuin IgG-luo-
kan vasta-aineisiin, koska ensin mainitussa luo-
kassa väärän positiivisen tuloksen mahdollisuus
on suurempi. Infektion toisessa vaiheessa, borre-
lioiden levittyä elimistöön verenkierron välityk-
sellä, 70–90 % potilaista on seropositiivisia, ja kol-
mannessa vaiheessa seropositiivisten osuus on yli
90 % (Wilske ja Preac-Mursic 1993). Myöhäis-
vaiheenkin borrelioosi voi siis poikkeuksellisesti
olla täysin seronegatiivinen (Golightly 1993,
Liegner 1993, Oksi ym. 1995). On esitetty, että
varhaisvaiheessa annettu liian lyhyt antibiootti-
kuuri saattaisi toisinaan johtaa siihen, että vasta-
aineet eivät myöhemminkään lisäänny mitattavik-
si. Disseminoiduttuaan bakteerit voivat päästä
sellaisiin kudoksiin tai alueille, joissa ne ovat im-
muunipuolustukselta ja antibiooteilta kohtalaises-
sa suojassa. Mahdollista on sekin, että osa ihmi-
sistä ei jostain syystä kykene muodostamaan
vasta-aineita borreliaa kohtaan, vaikka bakteeri
olisi immuunipuolustukseen osallistuvien solujen
helposti tavoittamissa paikoissa.
Koska EM:n diagnoosi on kliininen, ei vasta-
ainemittausta tämän yhteydessä tai seurannassa
välttämättä tarvita. Vaikka varhaisvaiheen infek-
tioon annettu antibioottikuuri voikin vähentää
vasta-aineiden muodostumista, on hyödyllistä ot-
taa verinäyte vasta-ainetestiä varten joko ennen
tai jälkeen antibioottikuurin (noin yhden kuu-
kauden kuluttua puremasta), koska mahdollisten
myöhempien oireiden selvittelyssä on tärkeää
nähdä, onko vasta-aineita alkanut muodostua tai
onko niiden määrä muutoin kasvanut huomatta-
vasti seurannan aikana. Koska vasta-ainearvon
muutokset ovat hitaita, kannattaa testi uusia ai-
kaisintaan yhden ja mieluummin vasta kolmen
kuukauden kuluttua ensimmäisestä testistä. Myö-
häisvaiheen borrelioosiepäilyissä tai borrelioosin
hoidon jälkeen vasta-ainepitoisuuksien muutok-
sia seurataan vieläkin harvemmin.
Tavallisimmat syyt väärään positiiviseen tulok-
seen vasta-aineita mitattaessa ovat LED, reuma,
syfilis (aiheuttaja Treponema pallidum), suun spi-
rokeettojen (mm. Treponema denticola) aiheut-
tamat periodontaalitaudit ja Epstein–Barrin vi-
ruksen aiheuttama infektio (Steere 1989). Toi-
saalta on kuitenkin huomattava, että kuten muis-
sa kroonisluonteisissa infektioissa myös borreli-
oosipotilaille saattaa kehittyä tumavasta-aine- tai
reumatekijäpositiivisuus. Ristireaktiota epäiltäes-
sä saattaa olla hyödyllistä tutkia vasta-aineita
»Western blot» -menetelmällä, jolloin nähdään,
mitä antigeenisia rakenteita kohtaan vasta-aineita
on muodostunut. Parhaimmillaan menetelmä
paljastaa muulla menetelmällä – esimerkiksi risti-
reaktion pohjalta – saadun, väärän positiivisen
testituloksen. Yhdysvalloissa, jossa esiintyy vain
yhtä B. burgdorferin alalajia (B. b. sensu stricto),
on päädytty suosittamaan kaikkien borrelioosi-
epäilyjen seropositiivisuuden varmistamista »Wes-
tern blot» -menetelmällä (Aguero-Rosenfeld ym.
1996). Mainittu menetelmä on kuitenkin suh-
teellisen työläs rutiinikäyttöön otettavaksi. Siitä
huolimatta sen käyttömahdollisuuksia rutiinimai-
sessa borrelioosidiagnostiikassa on tulevaisuudes-
71
sa syytä harkita myös meillä. »Western blot» -me-
netelmän käyttökelpoisuutta Euroopassa rajoit-
taa lisäksi useamman alalajin esiintyminen, joten
täällä tarvitaan kattavia tutkimuksia serodiagnos-
tisten kriteerien luomiseksi.
Neuroborrelioosia epäiltäessä on aina syytä tut-
kia borreliavasta-aineiden intratekaalinen tuotto
selkäydinnesteestä. Käyttökelpoisin menetelmä
intratekaalisen vasta-ainetuotannon mittaamiseksi
on »antibody-capture»-ELISA (Hansen ja Lebech
1991). Mikäli intratekaalinen vasta-aineiden tuot-
to todetaan, neuroborrelioosin diagnoosi on var-
ma, mutta sen puuttuminen ei sulje pois neuro-
borrelioosin mahdollisuutta (Halperin ym. 1996).
Vaikka potilaalla todettu vasta-ainetestin posi-
tiivinen tulos olisi »todella positiivinen», on mel-
ko usein vaikea tietää varmasti potilaan oireiden
johtuvan käynnissä olevasta borreliainfektiosta,
sillä seropositiivisia henkilöitä on endeemisellä
alueella runsaasti. Koska diagnoosi usein on han-
kala, tulee mahdollisuuksien mukaan pyrkiä
osoittamaan borrelia epäsuorien menetelmien
(kuten vasta-ainepitoisuuden mittaus) lisäksi
myös suorilla laboratoriomenetelmillä (esim. po-
lymeraasiketjureaktio eli PCR ja viljely).
Yleensä vasta-aineet alkavat selvästi vähentyä
hoidon jälkeen (Wahlberg ym. 1994). Tällaisessa
tapauksessa voidaan muutos myös tulkita mer-
kiksi hoidon onnistumisesta. Erythema migran-
sin hoidon jälkeen vähenemä saatetaan todeta jo
parissa kuukaudessa, mutta myöhäisvaiheen in-
fektiota hoidettaessa muutos on yleensä havaitta-
vissa vasta 6–12 kuukauden kuluttua. Vasta-aine-
määrät voivat pysyä suurina tuloksellisesta hoi-
dosta huolimatta osalla potilaista jopa vuosien
ajan. Myös intratekaalinen vasta-ainetuotanto
saattaa jatkua pitkään riippumatta hoidon tulok-
sellisuudesta. Kaiken kaikkiaan vasta-ainearvojen
seuranta ei ainakaan kliinisesti tuloksellisen hoi-
don jälkeen ole tarpeellista.
Lymen taudin laboratoriodiagnostiikka
T a u l u k k o 1. Lymen taudin diagnostiikka.
Tutkimus Erythema migrans
1
Disseminoituneeseen borrelioosiin sopivat oireet
Testin Jatkotoimet Jatkotoimet
ottoindikaatio kun testitulos on kun testitulos on
positiivinen negatiivinen
Seerumin Voidaan ottaa ennen Aina Hoito, jos oireet klassiset Uusi näyte ja vasta-
vasta-aineet tai jälkeen hoidon tai voimakkaat. Seuranta aine-mittaus. PCR,
ja/tai jatkotutkimuksia, jos oireet klassiset
jos ei objektiivisia löydöksiä tai voimakkaat
Selkäydinnesteen Neurologisten Hoito, jos intratekaalinen Ei sulje pois neuro-
vasta-aineet oireiden yhteydessä vasta-ainetuotanto borrelioosia
PCR Tutkimuskäytössä Aina kun otetaan Hoito riippumatta vasta- Ei sulje pois Lymen
selkäydin- tai nivel- ainetasosta borrelioosia
nestenäyte. Selvien
yleisoireiden yhtey-
dessä myös plasmasta
tarvittaessa
Viljely Tutkimuskäytössä Tutkimuskäytössä Hoito Ei sulje pois Lymen
borrelioosia
Lymfosyytti- Seronegatiivisissa Hoito valikoiduissa Ei sulje pois Lymen
stimulaatio voimakasoireisissa tapauksissa borrelioosia
tapauksissa
1
Hoito kliinisen kuvan perusteella (vasta-ainearvoista riippumatta)
72
Viljely
Borreliaviljely onnistuu EM:stä kohtalaisen
usein mutta muista kliinisistä näytteistä vain hy-
vin harvoin. Viljely vaatii erikoiselatusaineen ja
pitkän (joskus yli kuukauden kestävän) inkubaa-
tion. Varsinkin selkäydinnestenäytteistä on hyvä
tehdä muiden borreliatutkimusten lisäksi myös
viljely, jos näyte saadaan kuljetetuksi tutkivaan
laboratorioon saman päivän aikana. Borrelian
osoitus viljelemällä onnistuu kuitenkin niin har-
voin, että viljelyä ei yleensä ole suositeltu muu-
hun kuin tutkimuskäyttöön.
Borrelian DNA:n osoitus PCR-
menetelmällä
Jos potilaalla epäillään vahvasti Lymen borre-
lioosia, vaikka vasta-ainetestien tulokset ovat tois-
tamiseen negatiiviset tai raja-arvoiset, PCR-me-
netelmällä voidaan etsiä elimistön nesteistä bor-
relian DNA:ta. Selkäydinneste- tai nivelneste-
näytteestä – jopa seerumista, EDTA-plasmasta tai
koepalasta – voidaan tehdä PCR-tutkimus tätä
ajatellen.
PCR-testi sopii myös seropositiivisen potilaan
käynnissä olevan infektion varmistukseen (Noc-
ton ym. 1994). On kuitenkin syytä muistaa, että
PCR-testin negatiivinen tulos ei milloinkaan sul-
je pois borreliainfektiota. Borrelioosissa aiheutta-
jamikrobia esiintyy elimistön nesteissä ja kudok-
sissa poikkeuksellisen pieniä määriä, joten PCR-
testikään ei herkkyydestään huolimatta riitä bak-
teerin DNA:n osoittamiseen silloin, kun vähäi-
seen näytteen osaan ei ole sattunut osumaan ai-
noatakaan bakteeria. Ihosta borrelia voi päästä
verenkiertoon aiheuttaen spiroketemian, jolloin
PCR-testillä saatetaan periaatteessa löytää plas-
masta borrelian DNA:ta. Erään tutkimuksen mu-
kaan plasmasta tehdyn PCR-testin tulos oli posi-
tiivinen 30 %:lla niistä EM-potilaista, joilla esiin-
tyi samanaikaisesti yleisoireita, ja 9 %:lla niistä,
joilla ei yleisoireita ollut (Goodman ym. 1995).
Käytännössä varsinaiseen EM:n diagnostiikkaan
ei kuitenkaan kuulu plasman tai edes ihopalan
borrelia-DNA:n osoitus. Tutkimustyössä nämä
kuitenkin ovat arvokkaita näytteitä.
PCR-testissä voidaan monistaa erilaisia etukä-
teen valittuja geenien DNA-alueita. B. burgdor-
ferin eri alalajit eroavat toisistaan luonnollisesti
myös geeniensä suhteen, joten laboratorion täy-
tyy määrittää mitä ja kuinka pitkää DNA-aluetta
testissä on järkevää käyttää. Yleensä on syytä vali-
ta sellainen DNA-alue, joka on sama kaikissa ky-
seisellä maantieteellisellä alueella esiintyvissä ala-
lajeissa (Pachner ja Delaney 1993). PCR:n käy-
tön etuna voidaan pitää sen suomaa mahdolli-
suutta todeta myös kuolleita organismeja. Eri
tutkimuksissa on saatu hyvin vaihtelevia tuloksia
PCR:n herkkyydestä kliinisten näytteiden tutki-
misessa. PCR:n käytön haitaksi borrelioosidiag-
nostiikassa on luettava se, että menetelmän herk-
kyyttä ei riittävästi tunneta. Toinen PCR:n käyt-
töä periaatteessa haittaava asia on äärimmäisen
tarkan laboratoriohygienian tarve. Mikäli tässä il-
menee puutteita, saadaan myös vääriä positiivisia
testituloksia. Tunnetuista borrelioosidiagnostii-
kan suorista menetelmistä PCR on lupaavin ja
vakiinnuttanee tulevaisuudessa asemansa. PCR-
testillä voidaan myös periaatteessa todeta ne ta-
paukset, joissa potilaalla on vielä hoidon jälkeen
bakteereita elimistössään ja joissa uusintahoidos-
ta on hyötyä.

Lymfosyyttien stimulaatiotesti
Jos on aihetta epäillä borrelioosia huolimatta
vasta-ainetestien negatiivisuudesta, on joskus
hyödyllistä tutkia perifeerisen veren lymfosyyttien
stimulaatiovaste borreliaan (Dressler ym. 1991).

Testin ongelmana on se, ettei vielä tiedetä riittä-
vän hyvin, kuinka yleistä normaaliväestössä on
vahva stimulaatiovaste borreliaa kohtaan.
Lymen tauti näyttää lisäävän Th1-solujen ja
vähentävän Th2-solujen aktiivisuutta (Oksi ym.
1996). Tämän seurauksena soluvälitteinen im-
muniteetti voimistuu ja vasta-ainetuotanto heik-
kenee. Tämä muutos on borrelian kannalta edul-
linen, koska elimistö hyökkää sitä vastaan pää-
asiassa vasta-aineita käyttäen. Periaatteessa lym-
fosyyttien selvä stimulaatiovaste borreliaan voisi
siis varmistaa erityisesti seronegatiiviseksi jääneen
tai sellaiseksi tulleen potilaan diagnoosin. Ai-
nakaan toistaiseksi tätä testiä ei kuitenkaan yleen-
sä ole mahdollista käyttää diagnoosin varmistuk-
sessa.
J. Oksi

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ma Maalis 03, 2014 20:10

http://personal.fimnet.fi/laakari/hannu ... us2014.htm


BORRELIA REVISITED

Jarmo Oksi Tyks:sta kertoi, että borreliainfektiot lisääntyvät jatkuvasti. Suomessa niitä todetaan laboratorioiden raporttien perusteella 1600 / vuosi. Oikeasti niitä esiintyy nelinkertainen määrä. Erythema migrans (EM) tulee hoidettua niin tehokkaasti, että laboratoriolöydökset vääristyvät.



Lymen Borrelioosin manifestaatiot

EM voi olla vaikea huomata. Se voi olla monimuotoinen. Aina se ei ole rengas. Joskus infektio voi olla jo EM:n esiintyessä levinnyt ja saattaa esiintyä meningiittikin. Jos potilaalla esiintyy useita EM yhtaikaa, meningiitti on 7,5 %:lla.

Borrelialymfosytooma esiintyy usein korvannipukassa:

Kuva

Acrodermatistis chronica atroficans



Disseminoitunut borrelioosi on hoitamattomana krooninen tauti ja sen kliininen kuva on vaikea tunnistaa. Selvittely vaatii mittavia tutkimuksia. Oireina voi olla meningiitti, radikuliitti, facialispareesi, muu keskushermosto-oire, artriitti, kardiitti jne.



Neuroborrelioosi

Akuutti neuroborrelioosi ilmaantuu 1-3 kuukautta infektion jälkeen. Meningiittiin liittyvä niskajäykkyys on usein vähäistä tai olematonta. Radikuliittioireen voi esiintyä raajaan tai vartaloon säteilevä toispuoleinen kipu. Kipu voi vaihtaa joskus puoltaan. Kasvohermon halvaus tai muun aivohermon pareesi voi olla toispuoleinen tai kummankin puolen halvaus. Siihen liittyy usein oireeton meningiitti.



Vuoden kuluessa voi ilmaantua vähittäisen neuroborrelioosin enkefalomyeliitti. Siihen liittyy löydöksenä MRI:ssa näkyvät valkean aineen pesäkkeet, myelopatia ja aivovaskuliitti. Joskus voi esiintyä Lymen enkefalopatiaa muistihäiriöineen ja persoonallisuusmuutoksineen. Ääreishermoston häiriöitä voi esiintyä.



Lymen neuroborrelioosin liquorlöydöksille on tyypillistä :

· Leuc 10 – 500

· Liquorin valkosolujen diffi: >90 % lymfosyytteja

· Proteiinit usein merkittävästi koholla vaikka leukosyyttien kohoaminen olisi vähäistä

· Usein oligoklonaalisia fraktioita

· Intratekaalinen borreliavasta-ainetuotanto riippuu taudin kestosta

· PCR positiivinen vain 10 %:lla

Neuroborrelioosissa CRP ja La voivat olla normaalit. Liquorlöydöksen normaalistuminen voi hoidon jälkeen kestää puolitoista vuotta.



Ahvenanmaalla 20-25 %:lla väestöstä löytyy verikokeissa borreliavasta-aineita. Osa ihmisistä on törmännyt elämässään borreliaan mutta parantunut. Syynä paranemiseen voi olla muuhun sairauteen annettu antibioottikuuri tai oman elimistön puolustusjärjestelmä. Oireettomia potilaita ei muutenkaan pitäisi tutkia. Osa veritesteistä antaa vastaukseksi väärän positiivisen.



Lymen borrelioosin diagnoosi on harvoin helppo tehdä. Diagnoosi ei edellytä tietoa punkinpuremasta tai erythema migransista. Diagnoosi perustuu kliiniseen taudinkuvaan jota tukee laboratorionäyttö. Negatiivinen PCR ei poissulje tautia koska tutkimus on epäsensitiivinen. Neuroborrelioosin diagnoosiin tarvitaan liquornäyte.

Antibioottihoito kannattaa kaikissa borrelioosin vaiheissa. Erythema migransin hoitona on kahden viikon hoito doksisykliinillä tai amoksisilliinilla. Disseminoituneessa taudissa hoidon tulos on sitä parempi mitä varhaisemmassa vaiheessa hoito aloitetaan. Suomessa perinteisesti disseminoituneen taudin hoito on ollut kolmen viikon mittainen intravenoosi keftriaksonihoito. Hoidon lopullisen onnistumisen arviointia voi tehdä vasta usean kuukauden, joskus jopa vuoden, kuluttua.



Mervi Kanerva Hyks:sta toi esitykseen KNK-lääkärin näkökulmaa. Hän kertoi, että borrelia on taustalla 30 %:ssa lasten kasvohermon halvauksista. Lasten kasvohermohalvauksen selvittelyyn kuuluu aina liquornäyte ja seeruminäyte. Aikuisten kasvohermon halvauksista vain 3 % liittyy borreliaan. Seeruminäyte aikuisilla riittää tavallisesti mutta epäilytilanteessa liquornäyte on tarpeen. Bellin pareesin hoidoksi aloitettu kortisonilääkitys ei ilmeisesti aiheuta ongelmia vaikka myöhemmin kasvohermon halvauksen syyksi osoittautuisikin borrelia.

Muut KNK-ilmentymät ovat harvinaisia. Periaatteessa äänihuulihalvaus ja sisäkorvaperäinen kuulonlasku voisivat tällaisia olla. Selvää vastausta siitä, pitäisikö serologiaa näissä selvittää, ei ole. Diagnostiikassa joskus ongelmaa voi aiheuttaa varicella zoster, joka ristireagoi borreliavasta-aineiden kanssa. Diagnostiikassa kannattaa ottaa kantaa jo ensimmäiseen vastaukseen vaikka laboratorio suositteleekin toista näytettä.

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ti Huhti 08, 2014 11:32

Gangliosidi vasta-ainetesti seerumista; 4116 S -GangAb

"..neuroborrelioosissa ja syfiliksessä tavataan IgM-luokan Gm1-vasta-aineita.."


GANGLIOSIDI, VASTA-AINEET

Gangliosidi Gm1, vasta-aineet

4116 S -GangAb
Tiedustelut

Asiakaspalvelu ja neuvonta, puh. 311 77800
Indikaatiot

Guillain-Barrén syndrooman ja demyelinoivien polyneuropatioiden diagnostiikka


Gangliosidi Gm1-vasta-aineita esiintyy varsinkin multifokaalisessa motorisessa neuropatiassa (MMN), Guillan-Barrén syndroomassa (GBS) ja proksimaalisen alemman motoneuronin taudeissa.

MMN:ssa yli 80 %:lla tavataan sekä IgG- että IgM-luokan vasta-aineita, kun taas erotusdiagnostisesti merkittävässä amyotrofisessa lateraaliskleroosissa vasta-aineita ei tavata tai titterit ovat matalia, IgM-luokan vasta-aineita tavataan myös muissa motorisissa ja sensorismotorisissa neuropatioissa.

IgG-luokan vasta-aineita löytyy n. 30 %:lla GBS-potilaita, varsinkin Campylobacter jejunii -infektioon liittyvässä akuutissa polyneuropatiassa. Vasta-ainetitterit korreloivat taudin aktiviteettiin.

Myös neuroborrelioosissa ja syfiliksessä tavataan IgM-luokan Gm1-vasta-aineita. Vasta-aineita esiintyy jonkin verran normaaliväestössäkin, varsinkin iäkkäämmillä henkilöillä, ilman selvää tautiassosiaatiota.

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ti Touko 13, 2014 08:19

Joulukuu 2013 | 40 sivua

Anna Karvonen ja Satu Leinonen

LIKVORIN CXCL13-MÄÄRITYKSEN VALIDOINTI – UUSI TYÖKALU NEUROBORRELIAINFEKTION DIAGNOSTIIKKAAN

Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoite on parantaa neuroborreliainfektion laboratoriodiagnostiikkaa. Tarkoituksena oli validoida likvorin CXCL13-määritys ja laatia validointiraportti Turun yliopiston lääketieteellisen mikrobiologian ja immunologian oppiaineen diagnostiselle palvelutoiminnalle, jotta CXCL13-määritystä voitaisiin käyttää osana neuroborreliainfektion diagnostiikkaa. Tutkimustehtävänä oli selvittää soveltuuko likvorin CXCL13-määritys neuroborreliainfektion diagnostiikkaan sekä antibioottihoidon vaikutus likvorin CXCL13-pitoisuuteen.

Neuroborreliainfektio aiheutuu Borrelia burgdorferi –bakteerista. Neuroborreliainfektiossa borreliabakteeri infektoi perifeeristä hermostoa tai keskushermostoa. Yleisimpiä neuroborreliainfektion oireita ovat aivokalvontulehdus, hermojuurentulehdus ja aivohermojen halvaus, erityisesti kasvohermohalvaus.

Tässä opinnäytetyössä käytettiin kaupallista (R&D Systems) ELISA-menetelmää. Kyseessä on immunologinen menetelmä, jossa hyödynnetään vasta-aineiden kykyä sitoa ja sitoutua spesifisti antigeeneihin. Opinnäytetyön tutkimusaineisto koostui likvornäytteistä. Näytteistä määritettiin CXCL13-pitoisuudet. Näytteiden avulla tehtiin CXCL13-määrityksen validointi, joka sisälsi spesifisyyden, toistettavuuden ja lineaarisuuden testaukset.

Tuoretta neuroborreliainfektiota sairastavien potilaiden likvoreiden CXCL13-pitoisuudet olivat 424 – 158030 pg/ml. Neurosyfilispotilaan likvorin CXCL13-pitoisuus oli 36998 pg/ml. MS-tautiin viittaavissa näytteissä ja keskushermoston virusinfektiota (VZV, HSV, HHV-6, entero ja TBE) sairastavien näytteissä CXCL13-pitoisuudet olivat välillä <7,8-406 pg/ml. Neuroborreliainfektioon viittaavana alarajana voidaan pitää likvorin CXCL13-pitoisuutta 500 pg/ml.

Tämän opinnäytetyön tulokset osoittavat, että likvorin CXCL13-määritys soveltuu neuroborreliainfektion diagnostiikkaan. CXCL13-pitoisuudet likvorissa laskevat antibioottihoidon myötä. Lisäksi voidaan todeta R&D Systemsin CXCL13-määrityksen olevan validi spesifisyyden, toistettavuuden ja lineaarisuuden suhteen.

ASIASANAT:

Neuroborreliainfektio, likvor, CXCL13 ja validointi
--------------------------

BACHELOR´S THESIS | ABSTRACT

TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

Degree programme in nursing | Biomedical Laboratory Science

December 2013 | 40 pages

Anna Karvonen and Satu Leinonen

VALIDATION OF DETECTING CXCL13 FROM

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID – A NEW TOOL FOR DIAGNOSING NEUROBORRELIOSIS

The aim of this bachelor’s thesis is to improve laboratory diagnosis of neuroborreliosis. The purpose was to make a validation of detecting CXCL13 from cerebrospinal fluid and make a validation report to the department of medical microbiology and immunology of Turku University so that the detection of CXCL13 could become part of diagnosis of neuroborreliosis. The task was to find out if CXCL13 in cerebrospinal fluid is a diagnostic marker for neuroborreliosis and how CXCL13 levels in cerebrospinal fluid react to antibiotic treatment.

Neuroborreliosis is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. In neuroborreliosis it infects peripheral or central nervous system. The most typical symptoms are meningitis, radiculoneuritis and cranial neuritis, particulary involving the facial nerve.

The assay used in this bachelor’s thesis was ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) by R&D System. ELISA assay is an immunological method in which an antibody’s ability to bind to specific antigen is exploited. The material of this bachelor’s thesis was cerebrospinal fluid samples. CXCL13 was detected from samples. Validation included testing of specificity, repeatability and linearity.

Concentrations of CXCL13 in acute neuroborreliosis were 424 – 158030 pg/ml. In neurosyfilis concentration of CXCL13 was 36998 pg/ml. In other inflammatory diseases of nervous system (MS-disease, VZV, HSV, HHV-6, entero and TBE) concentrations of CXCL13 were <7,8-406 pg/ml. A CXCL13 concentration of 500 pg/ml is a marker of neuroborreliosis.

The results of this bachelor’s thesis show that detection of CXCL13 can be part of diagnosing neuroborreliosis. Concentration of CXCL13 in cerebrospinal fluid decreases due to antibiotic treatment. It can also be shown that ELISA assay for detecting CXCL13 by R&D System is valid with regards to spesifility, repeatability and linearity.

KEYWORDS:

Neuroborreliosis, cerebrospinal fluid, CXCL13, validation

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ma Syys 29, 2014 09:47

Jotkut laboratoriot, esim. artikkelin Labcorp, eivät tee tarkempaa immunoblottausta (western blot) mikäli edeltävä ELISA/EIA/IFA on ollut negatiivinen. Allaolevan, tri Cameronin, artikkelin mukaan käytäntö on väärä sillä immunoblottaus on tarkempi ja herkempi testi havaitsemaan borrelia-bakteerin. Myös Suomessa jätetään immunoblottaus usein tekemättä jos Elisa on ollut negatiivinen. Siksi monet teettävät testin yksityislaboratorioissa, esim. Mehiläisessä, tai esim. Saksan Infectolabissa.

http://danielcameronmd.com/labcorp-deny ... e-disease/

LabCorp to deny physicians access to western blot tests for Lyme disease

Labcorp will not offer a western blot test for individuals unless they are positive or equivocal for the Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) or Immunoflorescense (IFA) screening tests for Lyme disease as of August 11, 2014.[1]

img-ldpr2Physicians have been disappointed by the poor sensitivity of the EIA or IFA screening tests for Lyme disease. The sensitivity of the whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to the B31 strain typically falls between 33-49% for patients presenting with an EM.[2-4] The sensitivity of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved complement peptide C6 (C6-peptide) was 37% in 89 clinically well-defined individuals with LD [5] and 66.5% 403 sera from patients with an EM rash.[6]

Physicians have commonly ordered the western blot test for Lyme disease even in the absence of positive or equivocal testing. An IgM Western blot test can persist for at least 2 years in individuals with established Lyme disease infection. A IgM WB can persist for months to years in LD even if an individual is treated with antibiotics.[7-9] An IgG can be positive in individuals with a negative screening test.

LabCorp’s decision to deny physician assess to western blot test for Lyme disease only makes testing sensitive than it already is.

It important that LabCorp reverse their position and allow physicians to continue to order western blot tests for Lyme disease even if the EIA and/or IFA are negative. Until then, clinicians may have to direct their patients to other labs.

LabCorp newsletter for clients. Lyme disease testing now employs a two-tier antibody standard, Available from https://http://www.labcorp.com/wps/wcm/ ... 703d82366a Last accessed 8/16/14.
Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, Bittker S, Cooper D, Nadelman RB, Wormser GP. Evolution of the serologic response to Borrelia burgdorferi in treated patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. J Clin Microbiol, 34(1), 1-9 (1996).
Trevejo RT, Krause PJ, Sikand VK et al. Evaluation of two-test serodiagnostic method for early Lyme disease in clinical practice. J Infect Dis, 179(4), 931-938 (1999).
Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Nowakowski J, McKenna DF, Carbonaro CA, Wormser GP. Serodiagnosis in early Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol, 31(12), 3090-3095 (1993).
Ang CW, Notermans DW, Hommes M, Simoons-Smit AM, Herremans T. Large differences between test strategies for the detection of anti-Borrelia antibodies are revealed by comparing eight ELISAs and five immunoblots. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, (2011).
Wormser GP, Schriefer M, Aguero-Rosenfeld ME et al. Single-tier testing with the C6 peptide ELISA kit compared with two-tier testing for Lyme disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, (2012).
Steere AC, Hardin JA, Ruddy S, Mummaw JG, Malawista SE. Lyme arthritis: correlation of serum and cryoglobulin IgM with activity, and serum IgG with remission. Arthritis Rheum, 22(5), 471-483 (1979).
Massarotti EM, Luger SW, Rahn DW et al. Treatment of early Lyme disease. Am J Med, 92(4), 396-403 (1992).
Craft JE, Grodzicki RL, Shrestha M, Fischer DK, Garcia-Blanco M, Steere AC. The antibody response in Lyme disease. Yale J Biol Med, 57(4), 561-565 (1984).

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Ke Helmi 04, 2015 15:29

Kemokiinin CXCL13 merkityksestä lymen neuroborrelioosissa (LNB)

Daniel Bremellin väitöskirjan Lyme Neuroborreliosis , Diagnosis and Treatment yhtenä osatyönä oli seuraava :
Cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 in Lyme neuroborreliosis and asymptomatic HIV infection

TAUSTA.
Lymen neuroborrelioosi (LNB) on tavallisin arthropoda-välitteinen keskushermostoinfektio Euroopassa ja USA.ssa. LNB- diagnooosi on kombinaatio anamnestisista tiedoista, kliinisistä löydöksistä ja laboratoriolöydöistä.
Eurooppalaisten ohjelinjojen mukaan vaaditaan täsmälliseen diagnoosiin LNB:lle johdonmukaiset kliiniset oireet ( kuten kivulias meningoradikuliitti), muiden diagnoosien poissulkeminen, aivoselkäydinnesteen pleosytoosi ja intratekaaliset Borrelia burgdorferi ( Bb) -vasta-aineitten muodostus.
Mutta aivoselkäydinnesteen solujen paljous ei ole spesifinen löytö Lymen neuroborrelioosissa , sillä sellaista tavataan muissakin infektioissa ja jopa sellaisissa keskushermostotaudeissa, joisa ei ole kyse infektiosta. Lisäksi jopa kuusi viikkoa oireitten alkamisesta voi intratekaaliset vasta-aineet viipyä ja toisaalta ne pysyvät positiivisena vuosia alkusairastumisen jälkeen.

Viime vuosina on alettu kiinnostua kemokiinista, joka voisi toimia mahdollisena Lymen neuroborrelioosin biomerkitsijänä. Tämä kemokiini on B-lymfosyyttien kemoatraktantti (BCL) eli CXCL13 . Tämä kemokiini saattaa vahvasti B-imusoluja liikkeelle tulehduskohtaan ja sen pitoisuus nousee varhain LNB taudinkulussa ja toisaalta sen pitoisuus vähenee, kun asianmukainen hoito on annettu. On havaittu lisäksi suurempia CXCL13-pitoisuuksia ´Lymen neuroborrelioosin (LNB) yhteydessä kuin muissa infektiivisissä ja tulehduksellisissa keskushermostotaudeissa. Niitä harvoja tauteja, joissa aivoselkäydinnesteen CXCL13 pitoisuudet ovat yhtä korkeita kuin Lymen neuroborrelioosissa (LNB) ovat kryptokokkoosi (cryptococcosis) ja neurosyfilis.

Jos on perifeerisen hermoston oireita Lymen neuroborrelioosissa (LNB), on yhtä tehokasta hoitoa siihen suun kautta otettu doksisykliini tai laskimoon annettu keftriaksoni. Mutta jos on kyse keskushermosto-oireisesta ( meningiitti, enkefaliitti) Lymen neuroborrelioosista (LNB) , on edelleen ensisijalla monissa hoitokeskuksissa laskimoon annettu kefttriaksoni.

HIV infektoi keskushermostoa jo primaari-infektiossa tai aivan pian infektion alkamisen jälkeen aiheuttaen kroonisen matala-asteisen tulehdusreaktion useimmilla kliinisesti oireettomilla potilailla.
Jos verrataan kontrollipotilaihin, niin HIV-potilailla seerumin kemokiinin CXCL13 pitoisuuksien on havaittu olevan merkitsevästi koholla .
Van Burgel tutkijaryhmänsä kanssa osoitti kuudella HIV- meningiittiä potevalla aivoselkäydinnesteen kohonneet CXCL13 pitoisuudet ja seitsemällä HIV-infektiota potevalla, joilla ei ollut intrathekaalista tulehdusta, vastaavat matalat CXCL13 pitoisuudet.
Mutta laajoista potilasryhmistä, jolla on oireeton HIV-infektio, ei ole aiemmin tutkittu aivoselkäydinnesteen CXCL13- pitoisuuksia.

Nyt tutkijat Daniel Bremell, Niklas Mattson, Mikael Edsbagge, Kaj Blennow , Ulf Andersson, Carsten Wikkelsö, Henrik Zetterberg ja Lars Hagberg ottivat analysoitavakseen potilasryhmiä, joilla oli LNB( Lymen neuroborrelioosi) tai HIV sekä terveitä kontrolleita. Näiltä katsottiin aivoselkäydinnesteen CXCL13 pitoisuudet , jotta voitaisiin määrittää, olisiko tämä kemokiini jotenkin LNB-spesifinen silloinkin, kun oli vertailtava HIV- infektioon.
Lisäksi tutkijaryhmä selvitti, miten doksisykliinihoito vaikuttaa likvorin CXCL13 kemokiinipitoisuuksiin ja likvorin solumääriin. Tämä määrittely tehtiin hyvin luonnehdituilta LNB-potilasryhmiltä ennen ja jälkeen lääkehoidon.

JOHTOPÄÄTÖS
Lymen neuroborrelioosipotilalla (LNB) on vahvasti kohonneet likvorin CXCL13-pitoisuudet.
Suun kautta annetun doxysykliinihoidon jälkeiset likvorin CXCL13-pitoisuudet erosivat satakertaisesti alkuarvoista Lymen borrelioosipotilailla, mikä tukee tämän hoitokaavan tehokkutta. Samansuuntainen vaikutus näkyi myös aivoselkäydinnesteen mononukleaaristen solujen laskussa . Tutkijat osoittivat myös, miten neurologisesti oireettomilla HIV- potilailla on myös likvorin kohonneita CXCL13-pitoisuuksia ja nämä pitoisuudet kattavat samoja alueita kuin LNB-potilaiden likvorin kemokiinipitoisuudet Eri tutkimuksissa saadut Lymen neuroborrelioosipotilaiden likvorin CXCL13 kemokiinipitoisuudet eroavat suuresti ( syitä on eritelty artikkelissa).

Edelleen on vielä tulevaisuudessa selvitettävä , mikä arvo CXCL13 kemokiinimäärityksillä on Lymen neuroborrelioosin diagnostiikassa
.

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » La Kesä 04, 2016 19:09

Uusi nanoteknologiaan perustuva CERES LYME virtsatesti saamassa FDAn hyväksynnän (2016)

The new Ceres Lyme test, which is based on nanotechnology, is well on its way to getting FDA approval.The new urine test was developed by Temple Douglas at George Mason University three years ago, who pursued a test for Lyme disease because of personal interest.

Her idea for the test originated when Douglas was a high school intern at George Mason University in Virginia. She wondered whether a technique researchers were working on to test for microscopic cancer particles might be used to test for Lyme disease.

“I was in the right place at the right time,” she told CBS News. “I was aware of the issues with the Lyme disease test because of people in my family. Two people in my family at that time had Lyme disease.” Douglas is now a graduate student, and her brain child, “Nanotrap LA”, is the first commercial product for Ceres.

Lyme disease is difficult to diagnose not only because only a small percentage of people get the telltale rash after a tick bite, but also due to the lack of reliable testing. This is a compounding problem because the more people who fall through the cracks and fail to get sufficient treatment early on, the more people who develop persistent chronic Lyme which is far more difficult to treat.

So how does “Nanotrap LA” work?

According to Ceres (acommercial lab associated with George Mason University) the nano technology collects a part of the bacteria called Osp A (outer surface protein) which is shed after the bacteria is processed through the kidney, and evaluates those particles. The amount of bacteria in urine is very small, especially at the beginning of the infection, however, the beauty of this test is that the nano technology is able to find even the smallest amount of Osp A and process it. Even though this new test relies on the western blot assay to evaluate the findings, so far it does not seem to share the equivocal nature of the blood test, posting 100% accuracy in the published study.

Sailairina
Viestit:565
Liittynyt:Ma Tammi 19, 2009 16:04
Paikkakunta:Kaarina

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja Sailairina » Ti Loka 11, 2016 08:02

http://www.karjalainen.fi/uutiset/uutis ... a-tunnissa

HUOM! Testiä ei ole otettu käyttöön Suomessa.

KOTIMAA 10.10.2016 09:48
Uusi testi punkkitautien diagnosointiin - Uudella menetelmällä tulos neljässä tunnissa

Punkkitautien nykyistä parempaan tunnistamiseen on kehitetty uusi menetelmä. Menetelmän on kehittänyt Jyväskylän yliopiston tutkimusryhmä.

Tutkimushanketta johtavan bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitoksen yliopistonlehtorin Leona Gilbertin mukaan uusi TICKPLEX testauspaketti tuodaan markkinoille ensi vuoden alussa.

– Tänä syksynä hankimme tuotteelle vielä CE ja ISO-hyväksynnät eli laatustandardit. Tavoitteena on saada tuote markkinoille tammikuun alussa, kertoo Gilbert.

Gilbertin mukaan punkkitautien, kuten borrelioosin, tunnistaminen tarkentuu uuden testin myötä. Gilbertin mukaan punkkien kautta leviää kymmeniä erilaisia mikrobeja, jotka aiheuttavat erilaisia infektioita.

– Tähän mennessä puutiaisten levittämistä taudeista on pystytty testaamaan vain yhtä taudinaiheuttajaa kerralla. Kehittämämme menetelmä mahdollistaa 20 eri mikrobin tunnistamisen yhdellä testauksella, kuvaa Gilbert.

– Testi kertoo, mikä infektio on kyseessä ja myös sen, onko sairaus vakava vai lievä. Kun tunnistamme, mikä mikrobi oireet on aiheuttanut, potilaita osataan hoitaa oikein, sanoo Gilbert.

Gilbertin mukaan ensi vaiheessa testiä tulevat hyödyntämään yksityiset laboratoriot Suomessa, Saksassa ja USA:ssa. Tavoitteena on hänen mukaansa saada testi Suomen julkisten sairaaloiden ja terveyskeskusten käyttöön vuoteen 2018 mennessä.

Uudella tavalla diagnoosi pystytään Gilbertin mukaan tekemään nopeasti, kun tähän saakka punkkitaudin diagnosointiin on usein tarvittu useita testejä.

– Nykyisin punkkien aiheuttamien tulehdusten diagnosointi voi kestää viikkoja. Uudella menetelmällä tulos saadaan neljässä tunnissa, kertoo Gilbert.

Uutta testiä on testattu tieteellisesti 1 500 potilaalla ympäri maailman. Heiltä on otettu 15 000 yksittäistä näytettä.

– Testeissämme kävi ilmi, että 74 prosentilta potilaista löytyi joku punkin välittämä infektio. Kun samoilta potilailta testattiin vain yhden mikrobin esiintymistä, sairaus löydettiin vain kahdeksalta prosentilta, vertaa Gilbert.

Gilbertin mukaan nykyisin paljon borrelioositapauksia jää piiloon puutteellisen diagnosoinnin takia.

Lue lisää maanantain Karjalaisesta.

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Pe Tammi 26, 2018 08:20

http://www.aka.fi/fi/tietysti/terveys/n ... ta-tietoa/

Diagnostiikkaan jo uutta

Neuroborrelioosin oireet ovat moninaiset kasvohermohalvauksesta muihin neurologisiin oireisiin ja kiputiloihin. Tauti on perinteisesti diagnosoitu aivoselkäydinnesteen vasta-aineista.

"Vasta-aineet voivat jäädä tulehduksen jälkeen pitkään koholle. Siksi tarvitaan diagnostiikkaa, joka näyttää borrelioosin aiheuttaman akuutin bakteeritulehduksen keskushermostossa."

"Olemme pystyneet toistamaan saksalaisen tutkimustuloksen ja osoittamaan, että CXCL13-sytokiini on tällainen diagnostinen merkkiaine. Sen pitoisuuden mediaani hoitamattomassa neuroborrelioosissa oli peräti 6 480 pg/ml, kun muissa infektioissa pitoisuus jäi alhaiseksi. Kun neuroborrelioosi hoidetaan antibiootilla, aineen määrä laskee nopeasti."

Diagnoosimenetelmä otettiin käyttöön Turun yliopiston laboratoriossa 2013.

"Neurologit ja infektiolääkärit ovat kiitettävästi oppineet pyytämään tutkimusta."

Neuroborrelioosi voi oireilla vielä sen jälkeen kun varsinainen tulehdus on sammunut. Syyksi epäillään tulehduksen aiheuttamia kudosvaurioita tai elimistön autoimmuunireaktiota.

"Uusi testi on myös tämän vuoksi tärkeä. Jos potilaan oireet jatkuvat antibioottihoidon jälkeen, testillä voidaan tarkistaa, onko infektio varmasti parantunut."

Tulevaisuudessa levinnyt borrelioosi voidaan ehkä todentaa radioaktiivisiin merkkiaineisiin perustuvalla PET-kuvauksella.

"Ensimmäiset kokeemme kuvantaa hiirien borrelia-infektioita PET-kameralla onnistuivat."

Sairastusmisalttiudessa eroja

Borrelia-tartunta saadaan tavallisimmin nuorista nymfivaiheen puutiaisista. Ne ovat kooltaan millejä, joten niitä on vaikea huomata.

"Olemme havainneet eroja borrelioosiin sairastumisen herkkyydessä. Jos henkilön immuunipuolustuksessa on niin sanottu mannoosia sitovan lektiinitien toimintahäiriö, alttius saada borrelia-infektio kasvaa. Tämä immuunipuutos esiintyy noin neljäsosalla suomalaisista, mutta borreliaan sairastuneista se on 42 prosentilla."

Sairastettu infektio ei suojaa taudilta.

"On mahdollista, että borrelioosin tai neuroborrelioosin saa uudestaan."

Borrelia-infektioiden todellista määrää Suomessa selvitetään Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen (THL) kanssa. Tartuntojen määrä on kasvanut voimakkaasti 2000-luvulla.

"Ensimmäistä kertaa kartoitetaan kaikki perusterveydenhuollossa hoidetut borrelia-infektiot. Diagnoosi tehdään siellä yleensä pureman ja ihottuman perusteella, mutta vain vasta-ainediagnostiikalla varmennetut tautitautitapaukset on tilastoitu. Vuonna 2014 niitä todettiin 1 700. Todellinen tartuntamäärä on luultavasti 4-7 kertaa korkeampi."

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Pe Tammi 26, 2018 08:26

https://www.mylab.fi/borrelioosin-diagn ... -tehostuu/

Uusi merkkiaine paljastaa neuroborrelioosin
Hytösen mukaan borrelioosin diagnostiikassa olisi tarvetta erityisesti borreliainfektion aktiivisuutta kuvaaville merkkiaineille.

Neuroborrelioosin diagnostiikkaan tällainen uusi merkkiaine on jo tullut: likvorin eli aivo-selkäydinnesteen CXCL-13-kemokiini, joka kertoo elimistön käynnissä olevasta immuunivasteesta.

– Likvorin korkea CXCL-13-pitoisuus liittyy lähes yksinomaan hoitamattomaan akuuttiin neuroborrelioosiin. CXCL-13-pitoisuus nousee nopeammin kuin likvorin vasta-ainepitoisuus taudin alussa ja toisaalta se laskee nopeasti antibioottihoidon myötä, Hytönen kuvailee.

soijuv
Viestit:3040
Liittynyt:Ke Tammi 21, 2009 14:16

Re: BORRELIATESTIT

Viesti Kirjoittaja soijuv » Pe Tammi 26, 2018 09:56

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https://www.reagena.com/fi/tuotteet/dia ... s-reascan/

Jatta1001
Viestit:858
Liittynyt:Su Helmi 17, 2013 16:59
Paikkakunta:Pyhtää

Re: SERONEGATIIVINEN NEUROBORRELIOOSI, JOSSA ON VASTA-AINEITA SELKÄYDINNESTEESSÄ, MUTTA EI SEERUMISSA

Viesti Kirjoittaja Jatta1001 » Pe Marras 18, 2022 15:26

Lymen neuroborrelioosi, jossa on vasta-aineita aivo-selkäydinnesteessä, mutta ei seerumissa

12.11.2022
PMID: 36371644
DOI: 10.1111/ene.15631

Abstrakti
Tausta: Lymen neuroborrelioosin (LNB) diagnosoimiseksi aivo-selkäydinnesteestä testataan pleosytoosi ja intratekaalinen vasta-ainetuotanto. Hollannin Lymen borrelioosin ohje viittaa lannepunktioon, jos Borrelia-serologia on positiivinen tai jos kliinisesti epäillään LNB:tä. Tämä viittaa siihen, että saatamme alidiagnosoida LNB:n potilailla, joilla on negatiivinen Borrelia-serologia ja/tai vähäinen kliininen epäily. Tavoitteena oli arvioida kuinka usein negatiivista Borrelia-serologiaa esiintyy LNB:n tapauksessa.

Menetelmät: Retrospektiivinen tutkimus tehtiin Gelren sairaaloissa vierailleilla LNB-potilailla tammikuun 2007 ja joulukuun 2020 välisenä aikana. Pleosytoosipotilaiden sähköiset potilastiedot tarkistettiin LNB-potilaiden tunnistamiseksi. Tiedot kerättiin lääketieteellisistä asiakirjoista.

Tulokset: Mukana oli 127 LNB-potilasta, joista 58 oli lapsia. 67 potilaalla Borrelia-vasta-aineita oli sekä seerumissa että aivo-selkäydinnesteessä. 67 potilaasta 53:lla oli intratekaalista vasta-ainetuotantoa. 28 potilaalla oli intratekaalista vasta-ainetuotantoa, mutta seerumin vasta-aineet puuttuivat. Positiivisista serologisista potilaista 77 %:lla oli vasta-aineita aivo-selkäydinnesteessä ja 83 %:lla potilaista, joiden serologia oli negatiivinen (P=0,435). Potilaista, joilla oli positiivinen serologia, 61 %:lla oli intratekaalista vasta-ainetuotantoa ja 78 %:lla potilaista, joilla oli negatiivinen serologia (P=0,073).

Johtopäätökset: 28 LNB-potilaalla oli intratekaalista vasta-ainetta, mutta ei vasta-aineita seerumissa. Tässä tietyssä potilaspopulaatiossa positiivinen seerumiserologia ei liittynyt vasta-aineisiin CSF:ssä eikä intratekaaliseen vasta-ainetuotantoon. Lymen endeemisillä alueilla potilailla, joilla on LNB:hen viittaavia oireita, on tarve laskea lannepunktion kynnystä.

Avainsanat: Borrelia burgdorferi; Lymen neuroborrelioosi; selkäydinneste; intratekaalinen vasta-aineiden tuotanto; serologia.
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